How Much Time Do People With Aphasia Need to Respond During Picture Naming? Estimating Optimal Response Time Cutoffs Using a Multinomial Ex-Gaussian Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 599-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Evans ◽  
William D. Hula ◽  
Yina Quique ◽  
Jeffrey J. Starns
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Novel Model ◽  
Accuracy Performance ◽  
Naming Performance ◽  
Rt Distributions

Purpose Aphasia is a language disorder caused by acquired brain injury, which generally involves difficulty naming objects. Naming ability is assessed by measuring picture naming, and models of naming performance have mostly focused on accuracy and excluded valuable response time (RT) information. Previous approaches have therefore ignored the issue of processing efficiency, defined here in terms of optimal RT cutoff, that is, the shortest deadline at which individual people with aphasia produce their best possible naming accuracy performance. The goals of this study were therefore to (a) develop a novel model of aphasia picture naming that could accurately account for RT distributions across response types; (b) use this model to estimate the optimal RT cutoff for individual people with aphasia; and (c) explore the relationships between optimal RT cutoff, accuracy, naming ability, and aphasia severity. Method A total of 4,021 naming trials across 10 people with aphasia were scored for accuracy and RT onset. Data were fit using a novel ex-Gaussian multinomial RT model, which was then used to characterize individual optimal RT cutoffs. Results Overall, the model fitted the empirical data well and provided reliable individual estimates of optimal RT cutoff in picture naming. Optimal cutoffs ranged between approximately 5 and 10 s, which has important implications for assessment and treatment. There was no direct relationship between aphasia severity, naming RT, and optimal RT cutoff. Conclusion The multinomial ex-Gaussian modeling approach appears to be a promising and straightforward way to estimate optimal RT cutoffs in picture naming in aphasia. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

scholarly journals Picture-Naming Performance in Persian-Speaking Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Noroozian ◽  
Jafar Masumi ◽  
Ahmad Reza Khatoonabadi ◽  
Masoud Salehi ◽  
Mahmoud Kargar
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Naming Performance

The role of the child psychiatric ward in health care: experiences with different types of admissions over a period of twenty-one years

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Colin Gray ◽  
Douglas Chisholm ◽  
Patricia Smith ◽  
Madeline Brown ◽  
Christina McKay
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Psychiatric Ward ◽  
Psychiatric Unit ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Health Care Experiences ◽  
Child Psychiatric ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Assessment And Treatment

AbstractThe concept of the child psychiatric unit is considered. The character, capacities and activities of one unit are described and some features of the admissions over its first 21 years are discussed in relation to the findings of other studies. Among the factors considered are the patients' presenting diagnoses, their sex, their physical health and their length of stay in the Unit. Some possible future directions for the Unit are discussed, and the pattern of work over the two decades covered by the study is related to current and future requirements. It is suggested that for several categories of disorder, a child psychiatric unit offers unique advantages in both assessment and treatment.

Is There a Decline in Picture Naming With Advancing Age?

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 629-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Goulet ◽  
Bernadette Ska ◽  
Helen J. Kahn
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Normal Aging ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Inconsistent Finding ◽  
Naming Performance ◽  
Subject Characteristics

This review of 25 studies of the picture-naming accuracy of normal aging individuals shows that an age-related decline in picture naming is an inconsistent finding. Naming performance of older adults varied throughout the studies reviewed in this paper. This variability is attributed to the research methods used and to subject characteristics. To date, there are no studies that have considered all “nuisance factors” (e.g., health status, medication) in such a way that would allow support for a decrease in picture-naming accuracy associated with primary aging.

scholarly journals Improved Carotenoid Processing with Sustainable Solvents Utilizing Z-Isomerization-Induced Alteration in Physicochemical Properties: A Review and Future Directions

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Honda ◽  
Hakuto Kageyama ◽  
Takashi Hibino ◽  
Yelin Zhang ◽  
Wahyu Diono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Amorphous State ◽  
Functional Difference ◽  
Geometric Isomers ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Sustainable Solvents ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Low Solubility

Carotenoids—natural fat-soluble pigments—have attracted considerable attention because of their potential to prevent of various diseases, such as cancer and arteriosclerosis, and their strong antioxidant capacity. They have many geometric isomers due to the presence of numerous conjugated double bonds in the molecule. However, in plants, most carotenoids are present in the all-E-configuration. (all-E)-Carotenoids are characterized by high crystallinity as well as low solubility in safe and sustainable solvents, such as ethanol and supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2). Thus, these properties result in the decreased efficiency of carotenoid processing, such as extraction and emulsification, using such sustainable solvents. On the other hand, Z-isomerization of carotenoids induces alteration in physicochemical properties, i.e., the solubility of carotenoids dramatically improves and they change from a “crystalline state” to an “oily (amorphous) state”. For example, the solubility in ethanol of lycopene Z-isomers is more than 4000 times higher than the all-E-isomer. Recently, improvement of carotenoid processing efficiency utilizing these changes has attracted attention. Namely, it is possible to markedly improve carotenoid processing using safe and sustainable solvents, which had previously been difficult to put into practical use due to the low efficiency. The objective of this paper is to review the effect of Z-isomerization on the physicochemical properties of carotenoids and its application to carotenoid processing, such as extraction, micronization, and emulsification, using sustainable solvents. Moreover, aspects of Z-isomerization methods for carotenoids and functional difference, such as bioavailability and antioxidant capacity, between isomers are also included in this review.

Behavioral Treatment of Self-Injury: 2001 to 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 450-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley A. Shawler ◽  
Samantha R. Russo ◽  
Jennifer L. Hilton ◽  
SungWoo Kahng ◽  
Cheryl J. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Functional Assessment ◽  
Behavioral Treatment ◽  
Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Previous Review ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Behavioral Treatments

Abstract Individuals diagnosed with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) frequently exhibit self-injurious behavior (SIB). Previous research has examined the published literature on behavioral treatments of SIB from 1964–2000. Results suggested that these treatments were highly efficacious at decreasing SIB, particularly when based on the results of a functional assessment. The purpose of this review is to update, replicate, and extend the previous research. The current findings indicate an increase in studies reporting automatically maintained SIB as well as less efficacious treatments overall. Discussion of our conclusions and methods of SIB assessment and treatment are discussed, both as they relate to the previous review and for future directions.

scholarly journals Effects of semantic neighbourhood density on spoken word production

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 2752-2775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solène Hameau ◽  
Lyndsey Nickels ◽  
Britta Biedermann
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Word Production ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Target Production ◽  
Naming Performance

When producing words, it is generally agreed that semantically related words are activated along with the target. However, relatively little is known about the extent to which the number of such semantically related words affects the production of spoken words. The research presented here explores, in detail, the influence of semantic neighbourhood density—the number of words of similar meaning in the lexicon—on picture naming performance in both unimpaired speakers and a large group of individuals with aphasia. In Experiment 1, six different semantic neighbourhood density measures were compared using principal component analysis. Four different semantic neighbourhood density components were identified: feature-based, context-based, association-based, and distant. In Experiment 2, these new measures were used as predictors in an analysis of picture naming data from unimpaired English speakers: no significant effects of semantic neighbourhood factors were observed on either latency or accuracy. Finally, Experiment 3 reports an analysis of picture naming responses of a large group of individuals with aphasia ( n = 193), examining the influence of the semantic neighbourhood density measures. Effects of the feature-based semantic neighbourhood measure on accuracy varied across participants with no overall main effect. This same measure increased the probability of a coordinate error compared with a correct response but also compared with an omission. Results are best accommodated by theories of word production that incorporate mechanisms by which semantically related concepts can both facilitate and inhibit target production.

A Novel Model for Advancing Sexual Assault Education and Prevention on Campus

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-311
Author(s):  
Courtenay E. Cavanaugh
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Service Learning ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Sexual Assault Prevention ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Psychology Courses ◽  
Psychology Course ◽  
Assault Prevention ◽  
Novel Model

Teachers of psychology have been called to both educate college students about interpersonal violence (e.g., sexual assault) and use service learning. However, few models exist for how teachers may simultaneously address both of these calls. This article describes a service-learning course in psychology that integrated an evidence-based, bystander intervention program (BIP) into it in order to provide students with both sexual assault education and roles for advancing sexual assault prevention on campus. Sixteen students in an undergraduate psychology course watched TakeCare, a video shown to improve students’ positive bystander behavior to prevent sexual assault and then facilitated delivery of TakeCare to 156 other students on campus. This course illustrates a novel model for advancing sexual assault education and prevention on campus, and the model may be used in other psychology courses. Future directions for implementing and evaluating this model are described.

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