Comparisons in Frequency Difference Limens Between Sequential and Simultaneous Listening Conditions in Normal-Hearing Listeners

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yang-Soo Yoon ◽  
Ivy Mills ◽  
BaileyAnn Toliver ◽  
Christine Park ◽  
George Whitaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Pathway ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Frequency Difference ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Single Tone ◽  
Listening Condition ◽  
Tone Condition ◽  
Complex Tones ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
The Right

Purpose We compared frequency difference limens (FDLs) in normal-hearing listeners under two listening conditions: sequential and simultaneous. Method Eighteen adult listeners participated in three experiments. FDL was measured using a method of limits for comparison frequency. In the sequential listening condition, the tones were presented with a half-second time interval in between, but for the simultaneous listening condition, the tones were presented simultaneously. For the first experiment, one of four reference tones (125, 250, 500, or 750 Hz), which was presented to the left ear, was paired with one of four starting comparison tones (250, 500, 750, or 1000 Hz), which was presented to the right ear. The second and third experiments had the same testing conditions as the first experiment except with two- and three-tone complexes, comparison tones. The subjects were asked if the tones sounded the same or different. When a subject chose “different,” the comparison frequency decreased by 10% of the frequency difference between the reference and comparison tones. FDLs were determined when the subjects chose “same” 3 times in a row. Results FDLs were significantly broader (worse) with simultaneous listening than with sequential listening for the two- and three-tone complex conditions but not for the single-tone condition. The FDLs were narrowest (best) with the three-tone complex under both listening conditions. FDLs broadened as the testing frequencies increased for the single tone and the two-tone complex. The FDLs were not broadened at frequencies > 250 Hz for the three-tone complex. Conclusion The results suggest that sequential and simultaneous frequency discriminations are mediated by different processes at different stages in the auditory pathway for complex tones, but not for pure tones.

The Upper Limit of "Musical" Pitch

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Semal ◽  
Laurent Demany
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Frequency Difference ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Musical Pitch ◽  
Context Factors ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
The Right

Ten musicians were presented with a transposable melodic sequence of two monaural pure tones and were required to set the pitch of the higher tone in the sequence just above the upper limit of "musical" pitch. The overall mean of the frequency adjustments was 4.7 kHz, but subjects' individual means consistently differed from each other; their standard deviation was about three semitones. Subjects' adjustments depended on the range of possible adjustments and thus were influenced by context factors. However, the effect of range was 2.7 times smaller than it should have been if the upper limit of musical pitch had no perceptual reality. No consistent frequency differences were found between adjustments made for tones heard through the left ear and the right ear. However, in an additional study on six nonmusicians, one subject displayed a systematic interaural frequency difference amounting to about one semitone. Control measurements showed that this difference could not be explained by the subject's binaural diplacusis. Thus, as suggested by Bachem in 1937, it seems that the upper limit of musical pitch can be a different pitch for the two ears of the same subject.

Stimulus Duration and Frequency Discrimination for Normal-Hearing and Hearing-Impaired Subjects

1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph W. Hall ◽  
Elizabeth J. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Duration ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Frequency Discrimination ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Hearing Impaired ◽  
Frequency Difference ◽  
Impaired Group ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Pure Tones

Frequency discrimination for 500- and 2000-Hz pure tones at durations of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 200 ms was determined for 10 normal-hearing and 10 cochlear-impaired listeners. Listeners from both groups demonstrated monotonic increases in frequency difference limens as stimulus duration decreased. The functions of the hearing-impaired listeners were parallel to those of the normal-hearing listeners for stimulus durations between 10 and 200 ms, but the overall performance of the hearing-impaired group was poorer than that of the normal-hearing group. The functions of many of the cochlear-impaired subjects were less steep than normal for the shortest durations tested (between 5 and l0 ms). There appeared to be no relation between temporal integration for frequency discrimination and temporal integration for detection threshold. The results are discussed in terms of processes of temporal integration and frequency selectivity.

Evaluation of Efferent Auditory System and Hearing Quality in Parkinson's Disease: Is the Difficulty in Speech Understanding in Complex Listening Conditions Related to Neural Degeneration or Aging?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nuriye Yıldırım Gökay ◽  
Bülent Gündüz ◽  
Fatih Söke ◽  
Recep Karamert
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Auditory System ◽  
Otoacoustic Emissions ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Pure Tone Audiometry ◽  
Auditory Pathway ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
System Function ◽  
Distortion Product

Purpose The effects of neurological diseases on the auditory system have been a notable issue for investigators because the auditory pathway is closely associated with neural systems. The purposes of this study are to evaluate the efferent auditory system function and hearing quality in Parkinson's disease (PD) and to compare the findings with age-matched individuals without PD to present a perspective on aging. Method The study included 35 individuals with PD (mean age of 48.50 ± 8.00 years) and 35 normal-hearing peers (mean age of 49 ± 10 years). The following tests were administered for all participants: the first section of the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale; pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, tympanometry, and acoustic reflexes; and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) and contralateral suppression of DPOAEs. SPSS Version 25 was used for statistical analyses, and values of p < .05 were considered statistically significant. Results There were no statistically significant differences in the pure-tone audiometry thresholds and DPOAE responses between the individuals with PD and their normal-hearing peers ( p = .732). However, statistically significant differences were found between the groups in suppression levels of DPOAEs and hearing quality ( p < .05). In addition, a statistically significant and positive correlation was found between the amount of suppression at some frequencies and the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale scores. Conclusions This study indicates that medial olivocochlear efferent system function and the hearing quality of individuals with PD were affected adversely due to the results of PD pathophysiology on the hearing system. For optimal intervention and follow-up, tasks related to hearing quality in daily life can also be added to therapies for PD.

Tail asymptotics of an infinitely divisible space-time model with convolution equivalent Lévy measure

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mads Stehr ◽  
Anders Rønn-Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Space Time ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Lévy Measure ◽  
Infinitely Divisible ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Spatial Object ◽  
Tail Behaviour ◽  
Fixed Radius ◽  
The Right ◽  
Space Time Model

AbstractWe consider a space-time random field on ${{\mathbb{R}^d} \times {\mathbb{R}}}$ given as an integral of a kernel function with respect to a Lévy basis with a convolution equivalent Lévy measure. The field obeys causality in time and is thereby not continuous along the time axis. For a large class of such random fields we study the tail behaviour of certain functionals of the field. It turns out that the tail is asymptotically equivalent to the right tail of the underlying Lévy measure. Particular examples are the asymptotic probability that there is a time point and a rotation of a spatial object with fixed radius, in which the field exceeds the level x, and that there is a time interval and a rotation of a spatial object with fixed radius, in which the average of the field exceeds the level x.

The connection between the «color revolutions» and the strategic doctrines of the United States (late 20th century — 2014)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Igorevna Filimonova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
The Us ◽  
Color Revolutions ◽  
The Right

After the collapse of the USSR, fundamentally new phenomena appeared on the world arena, which became a watershed separating the bipolar order from the monopolar order associated with the establishment of the US global hegemony. Such phenomena were the events that are most often called «revolutions» in connection with the scale of the changes being made — «velvet revolutions» in the former Eastern Bloc, as well as revolutions of a different type, which ended in a change in the current regimes with such serious consequences that we are also talking about revolutionary transformations. These are technologies of «color revolutions» that allow organizing artificial and seemingly spontaneous mass protests leading to the removal of the legitimate government operating in the country and, in fact, to the seizure of power by a pro-American forces that ensure the Westernization of the country and the implementation of "neoliberal modernization", which essentially means the opening of national markets and the provision of natural resources for the undivided use of the Western factor (TNC and TNB). «Color revolutions» are inseparable from the strategic documents of the United States, in which, from the end of the 20th century, even before the collapse of the USSR, two main tendencies were clearly traced: the expansion of the right to unilateral use of force up to a preemptive strike, which is inextricably linked with the ideological justification of «missionary» American foreign policy, and the right to «assess» the internal state of affairs in countries and change it to a «democratic format», that is, «democratization». «Color revolutions», although they are not directly mentioned in strategic documents, but, being a «technical package of actions», straightforwardly follow from the right, assigned to itself by Washington, to unilateral use of force, which is gradually expanding from exclusively military actions to a comprehensive impact on an opponent country, i.e. essentially a hybrid war. Thus, the «color revolutions» clearly fit into the strategic concept of Washington on the use of force across the entire spectrum (conventional and unconventional war) under the pretext of «democratization». The article examines the period of registration and expansion of the US right to use force (which, according to the current international law, is a crime without a statute of limitations) in the time interval from the end of the twentieth century until 2014, filling semantic content about the need for «democratic transformations» of other states, with which the United States approached the key point of the events of the «Arab spring» and «color revolutions» in the post-Soviet space, the last and most ambitious of which was the «Euromaidan» in Ukraine in 2014. The article presents the material for the preparation of lectures and seminars in the framework of the training fields «International Relations» and «Political Science».

Effect of Realistic Test Conditions on Spectral and Temporal Processing in Normal-Hearing Listeners

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-169
Author(s):  
Yang-Soo Yoon ◽  
Callie Michelle Boren ◽  
Brianna Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Frequency Discrimination ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Discrimination Threshold ◽  
Test Environment ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Test Order ◽  
Pure Tones

Purpose To measure the effect of testing conditions (in the soundproof booth vs. quiet room), test order, and number of test sessions on spectral and temporal processing in normal-hearing (NH) listeners. Method Thirty-two adult NH listeners participated in the three experiments. For all three experiments, the stimuli were presented to the left ear at the subjects' most comfortable level through headphones. All tests were administered in an adaptive three-alternative forced-choice paradigm. Experiment 1 was designed to compare the effect of soundproof booth and quiet room test conditions on amplitude modulation detection threshold and modulation frequency discrimination threshold with each of the five modulation frequencies. Experiment 2 was designed to compare the effect of two test orders on the frequency discrimination thresholds under the quiet room test conditions. The thresholds were first measured in the ascending and descending order of four pure tones, and then with counterbalanced order. For Experiment 3, the amplitude discrimination threshold under the quiet room testing condition was assessed 3 times to determine the effect of the number of test sessions. Then the thresholds were compared over the sessions. Results Results showed no significant effect of test environment. The test order is an important variable for frequency discrimination, particularly between piano tunes and pure tones. Results also show no significant difference across test sessions. Conclusions These results suggest that a controlled test environment may not be required in spectral and temporal assessment for NH listeners. Under the quiet test environment, a single outcome measure is sufficient, but test orders should be counterbalanced.

scholarly journals Proposal for implementing the Sentence Recognition Index in individuals with hearing disorders

CoDAS ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maristela Julio Costa ◽  
Sinéia Neujahr dos Santos ◽  
Alexandre Hundertmarck Lessa ◽  
Carolina Lisboa Mezzomo
Keyword(s):  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Hearing Disorders ◽  
Listening Condition ◽  
Sentence Recognition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
New Strategies

Purpose: To present and describe a new strategy and protocol for obtaining the Sentences Recognition Indexes (SRI), using the Lists of Phrases in Portuguese test (LPP), considering words in the analysis of responses; to analyze and compare the results using the previous and the new strategies by checking their applicability and suitability. Methods: To consider each word of the sentence, words were classified according to their importance: functional and content words, assigning them, respectively, two and one points. SRI were obtained in 33 normal hearing adults, and results were compared using the two strategies. Results: A new protocol was established. Each point corresponds to the following percentages in each list: 1B, 1.11%; 2B, 1.13%; 3B, 1.17%; 4B, 1.16%; 5B, 1.20%; and 6B, 1.11%. The median SRI obtained through usual and new strategies were, respectively, for the list 1B: 60 and 82.57%; 2B: 70 and 80.79%; 3B: 50 and 76.60%; 4B: 70 and 82.60%; 5B: 50 and 77.20%; and 6B: 60 and 82.14%. A significant difference was found when these strategies were compared. Conclusion: New strategy and protocol for evaluating the SRI were developed using the LPP test, considering each word of the sentence. When comparing the responses it was noticed that when considering each word in the sentence it is possible to scale, more detailed and less variability, the actual ability to recognize speech of each individual, the new strategy and protocol developed confirmed its applicability and suitability to assess Sentence Recognition Indexes in Quiet in individuals with hearing disorders in a specific listening condition.

Stability of the Early Components of the Averaged Electroencephalic Response

1969 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice I. Mendel ◽  
Robert Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Response Pattern ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Peak Latency ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Response Index ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Negative Peak ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

The early components of the averaged electroencephalic response (AER) were examined at three-hour intervals in eight normal hearing adults over a single, sleepless 24-hour span. During each of the eight sessions, three series of clicks at 50 dB SL were presented to the right ear of the subject as he sat reading. 1024 clicks at the rate of 9.6/sec were used in obtaining each averaged response. Electroencephalic activity was recorded from an electrode on the vertex referred to the left earlobe. The response pattern was very stable, characterized by a polyphasic configuration with mean peak latencies of (P o ) 13.3 msec, (N a ) 22.0 msec, (P a ) 32.3 msec, and (N b ) 45.1 msec. An earlier negative peak (N o ) with a mean peak latency of 8.3 msec occurred in many of the responses. At the conclusion of the 24-hour span, three of the subjects were tested with the same stimuli during various stages of sleep. The early components of the AER remained consistent even during sleep. Threshold searches were successfully carried out on two of the sleeping subjects. The long-term stability of the early components of the AER in the awake and sleep states makes them practical as a response index for electroencephalic audiometry. Their characteristics are more compatible with a neurogenic than with a myogenic theory of their origin.

scholarly journals Interpolation of Boundary Condition at Time-Interval of Unknown Lenghth for the Problem of Convective Diffusion in a Three-Layered Water Filter

2019 ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Olha Chernukha ◽  
Yurii Bilushchak
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Boundary Condition ◽  
Boundary Value Problem ◽  
Convective Diffusion ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Water Filter ◽  
The Right

On the basis of mathematical model of convectivediffusion in a three-layered filter it is formulated a contactinitial-boundary value problem for description of mass transferof pollution accompanying the sorption processes. It is proposedthe algorithm for establishing the estimation of values of soughtfunction (concentration of pollution) at the lower boundary of thefilter on the basis of the interpolation of experimental data. It istaken into account that the right end of the interpolation segmentis unknown. It is determined the exact solutions of contact-initialboundaryvalue problems of mass transfer with provision forboth diffusive and convective mechanisms of transfer as well assorption processes, which is based on integral transformationsover space variables in the contacting regions. Is it designedsoftware and established regularities of convective diffusionprocess in the three-layered filter.

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