scholarly journals If community conservation is the answer in Africa, what is the question?

Oryx ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Adams ◽  
D. Hulme
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Local People ◽  
Policy Choice ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
Community Conservation ◽  
Conservation And Development ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Development Objectives ◽  
Key Questions

AbstractProponents of community conservation present it as a means of reconciling conservation and development objectives by ensuring that the interests of local people are taken into account in making trade-offs. Conservation critics see it as a challenge to the state-led, scientific management that is necessary to guarantee the preservation of biodiversity. In this paper, we argue that community conservation is not one thing but many. It is evolving both as a concept and as a practice that must be built on. It is not a project or policy ‘choice’ that can be simply accepted or rejected. The key questions about community conservation are who should set the objectives for conservation policy on the ground and how should trade-offs between the diverse objectives of different interests be negotiated.

scholarly journals Payments for ecosystem services in an African protected area: exploring issues of legitimacy, fairness, equity and effectiveness

Oryx ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole D. Gross-Camp ◽  
Adrian Martin ◽  
Shawn McGuire ◽  
Bereket Kebede ◽  
Joseph Munyarukaza
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Payments For Ecosystem Services ◽  
Conservation And Development ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Complementary Nature ◽  
Development Objectives

AbstractWe explore the potential for payments for ecosystem services (PES) to reconcile conservation and development goals, using a case study of an experimental PES intervention around the Nyungwe National Park in Rwanda. The scheme involves the purchase of biodiversity conservation services from local communities in four selected locations. Although a portion of the payment is awarded at the household level, it is the collective action of the community that determines the level of the payment. Contracts are negotiated annually and include performance indicators within each participating community. We examine the ability of PES to achieve conservation and development objectives, through three sub-questions: Is the PES scheme effective? Is it legitimate and fair? Is it equitable? Our findings indicate that the relationship between these evaluation criteria is complex, with both trade-offs and synergies. In this case study the effectiveness of PES is dependent on the equitable distribution of the payment, participants’ belief and acceptance of the service being paid for, institutional histories that aid in the establishment of legitimacy and fairness, and the complementary nature of PES to more conventional enforcement methods.

Elementy współpracy polskich Wojsk Specjalnych i polskiego kontrwywiadu wojskowego w operacjach typu COIN. Casus Afganistanu

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Machniak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
Local People ◽  
Remedial Action ◽  
Social Character ◽  
Efficiency Criterion ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Political Economic

A COIN operation involves both insurgents and local people. Its main goal is to neutralize all conditions enabling the development of insurgent movements or conducive to their development. In COIN operations, the basic efficiency criterion is the destruction or significant reduction of the opponent’s effectiveness and its ability to use local people for its own purposes. Military counterintelligence is responsible for analyzing the capabilities and organizational structure of the enemy’s reconnaissance system, including terrorist organizations or rebels, and planning undertakings that neutralize enemy activities, achieved, among others by recognizing its capabilities and taking remedial action on this basis. Anti-partisan operations constitute a coordinated effort to combat guerrilla activities in the theatre of war of a varied military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and social character, aimed against insurgents and against their impact on the state and the society.

Of Whales and Dugongs: Examining the Rise of Colonial Conservation as Development in Madagascar’s Marine History

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merrill Baker-Médard
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Policy ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Current Conservation ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Local Resource ◽  
Conservation And Development ◽  
The Way

This work explores how colonial marine conservation policy in Madagascar had the dual purpose of facilitating the expansion of capital and ‘civilising’ the way Malagasy fishers used marine resources. I analyse how the legacy of narratives that emerged to bolster state-led conservation intervention during the colonial period are still present in current conservation and development narratives, perpetuating in some cases the coloniser–colonised relationship between conservation organisations and local resource users. These findings indicate a need to revamp certain aspects of marine conservation legislation in Madagascar and the need for conservation organisations to explicitly acknowledge this history when working with local resource users in order to avoid reproducing historical injustices.

scholarly journals Transnational Lived Citizenship – The Case of the Eritrean Diaspora

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Tanja R. Müller ◽  
Milena Belloni
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Diaspora Studies ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
Key Questions

This special focus section analyses state–diaspora relationships with a focus on the case of Eritrea, a paradigmatic example, as we show in this introduction, to elaborate on the following key questions: What determines loyalty between diaspora and the state? How can we understand the dynamics of co-optation, loyalty, and resistance that characterise many diaspora–state relationships? What is the role of historical events and memory in building alliances as well as divides among different generations and different groups in the diaspora? How do diaspora citizens interpret and enact their citizenship in everyday practices of engagement? By engaging with both citizenship and diaspora studies, this introduction shows the significance of analysing these questions through the lens of “transnational lived citizenship.” This concept enables a look at the intersections between formal aspects of citizenship as well as the emotional and practical aspects related to feelings of belonging, transnational attitudes, and circulation of material cultures.

scholarly journals Helping Friends or Influencing Foes: Electoral and Policy Effects of Campaign Finance Contributions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Schnakenberg ◽  
Ian R Turner
Keyword(s):  
Private Information ◽  
Campaign Finance ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Good News ◽  
Policy Choice ◽  
Policy Effects ◽  
Electoral Outcomes ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The World ◽  
Informational Effect

Campaign finance contributions may influence policy by affecting elections or influencing the choices of politicians once in office. To study the trade-offs between these two paths to influence, we use a game in which contributions may affect electoral outcomes and signal policy-relevant information to politicians. In the model, a campaign donor and two politicians each possess private information correlated with a policy-relevant state of the world. The donor may allocate his budget to either an ally candidate who has relatively similar preferences or a moderate candidate whose preferences are relatively divergent from the donor's preferred policy. Contributions that increase the likelihood of the moderate being elected can signal good news about the donor's preferred policy and influence the moderate's policy choice. However, when the electoral effect of contributions is too small to demand sufficiently high costs to deter imitation by groups with negative information, this informational effect breaks down.

scholarly journals Pakistan's Journey to Civilian Rule (1958-70): An Analysis of Ayub Era

2016 ◽  
Vol I (I) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Adil Khan ◽  
Manzoor Ahmad ◽  
Abdul Waheed
Keyword(s):  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Regime ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
National Crisis ◽  
The Military ◽  
Crises Management ◽  
Key Questions

Pakistan, since its inception, has passed through several phases of transitions to civilian rule and authoritarian reversals. Similar to the pattern of transition between civilian rule and dictatorship, there is a pattern of change within authoritarian Regimes that could be observed in all the three experiences of transition in Pakistan. This paper identifies the pattern of change from military dictatorship to civilian rule from 1958 to 1970. The key questions addressed in this paper are: firstly, how the military regime consolidated its grip on power after the October 1958 coup? Secondly, how early cracks appeared in the military's control over power and matured with the passage of time, resulting in a national crisis? Thirdly, how failure in crises management led to the transition to civilian rule, as well as, the disintegration of the state.

The mobility of Chinese Officials. I: Lan pei lu by Fan Cheng‑da

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-57
Author(s):  
Igor Alimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Servant ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The State ◽  
Local People ◽  
Old Chinese ◽  
Unique Information ◽  
Travel Journal ◽  
Important Evidence

This article concerns a travel journal Lan pei lu (“An Account with Reins in Hands”) written by a famous poet and civil servant Fan Cheng‑da (1126—1193). This text is an important evidence of the Old Chinese bureaucracy mobility of the 10th—13th centuries. Fan Cheng‑da wrote this journal while he travelled to Jurchen state Jin as a member of an ambassade. He registered many details about the current situation of the state, its morals and customs and the influence of Jurchen culture on the local people. This unique information makes Lan pei lu a very important historical and ethnographical source.

Scoop

2019 ◽  
pp. 133-150
Author(s):  
John Maxwell Hamilton ◽  
Heidi Tworek
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
New Technology ◽  
The State ◽  
Media Economics ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Foreign Correspondents ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Foreign Reporting ◽  
Foreign Correspondence ◽  
The 19Th Century

The state of foreign reporting today is paradoxical. New technology makes some aspects of foreign reporting faster and easier; it has also raised old problems of trust and the high cost of foreign news that were first seen in the 19th century. This chapter situates today’s new developments in media economics and technology in the context of the 19th-century’s foreign correspondence, which was full of hoaxes and bogus reporting, as well as outstanding correspondents on the ground. Our current moment is a recalibration of three trade-offs in foreign correspondence: managed news vs. independence, speed vs. superficiality, and abundant sources vs. reliability. We examine these trade-offs by looking at modern American and European foreign correspondents, who have long grappled with truth and trust in news.

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