Building a model of a problem situation in transport systems

The approach to construction of model of a problem situation in transport system is resulted, the block diagram of its algorithm is developed. It is revealed that the transition stage from the problem to the formulation of formal tasks is a problem situation, and the tasks can be solved in different ways, forming a set of strategies. It is noted that in the general case the result of operations is uncertain, which is caused by the uncertainty of the conditions of the operation and the action of factors of different nature. It is revealed that the acquisition of values of indicators that characterize one or another result of the operation is associated with the solution of the problem of modeling operations. The stages of the problem of studying the efficiency of the operation in the transport system are given. A number of assumptions are made about the process of obtaining results, which is associated with the formation of the operation model and obtaining efficiency estimates based on modeling results, as well as the process of analyzing the results, which involves solving the selection problem based on the established efficiency criterion or system of such criteria. It is found that the model of the problem situation in transport systems reflects the relationship of the main elements of the decision-making process and the sequence of formation of partial tasks and is built to cover the problem of decision-making as a whole, to present its main elements to be finalized. about the strategy of the operation. It is shown that the presence of a certain component as an independent element in the model of the problem situation assumes that the set of values of uncertain factors in the development of solutions will be either set externally, or finding these values will be an independent task. A list of actions for solving partial problems based on this model is presented. It is shown that in many practical cases it is observed that the a priori task of one of the main criteria of efficiency leads to the selection of some set of alternatives. Therefore, the choice of the best alternative requires the formation of a compound criterion, which includes both formal and informal prescriptions for making a judgment on the basis of which the selection or return and correction of elements of the model of the problem situation.

Influence of limiting the duration of the armature winding current on the operating indicators of a linear pulse electromechanical induction type converter

Introduction. Linear pulse electromechanical converters of induction type (LPECIT) are used in many branches of science and technology as shock-power devices and electromechanical accelerators. In them, due to the phase shift between the excitation current in the inductor winding and the induced current in the armature winding, in addition to the initial electrodynamic forces (EDF) of repulsion, subsequent EDF of attraction also arise. As a result, the operating indicators of LPECIT are reduced. The purpose of the article is to increase the performance of linear pulse electromechanical induction-type converters when operating as a shock-power device and an electromechanical accelerator by limiting the duration of the induced current in the armature winding until its polarity changes. Methodology. To analyze the electromechanical characteristics and indicators of LPECIT, a mathematical model was used, in which the solutions of equations describing interrelated electrical, magnetic, mechanical and thermal processes are presented in a recurrent form. Results. To eliminate the EDF of attraction between the LPIECIT windings, it is proposed to limit the duration of the induced current in the armature winding before changing its polarity by connecting a rectifier diode to it. It was found that when the converter operates as a shock-power device without limiting the armature winding current, the value of the EDF pulse after reaching the maximum value decreases by the end of the operating cycle. In the presence of a diode in the armature winding, the efficiency criterion, taking into account the EDF pulse, recoil force, current and heating temperature of the inductor winding, increases. When the converter operates as an electromechanical accelerator without limiting the armature winding current, the speed and efficiency decrease, taking into account the kinetic energy and voltage of the capacitive energy storage at the end of the operating cycle. In the presence of a diode in the armature winding, the efficiency criterion increases, the temperature rise of the armature winding decreases, the value of the maximum efficiency increases, reaching 16.16 %. Originality. It has been established that due to the limitation of the duration of the armature winding current, the power indicators of the LPECIT increase when operating as a shock-power device and the speed indicators when the LPECIT operates as an electromechanical accelerator. Practical value. It was found that with the help of a rectifier diode connected to the multi-turn winding of the armature, unipolarity of the current is ensured, which leads to the elimination of the EDF of attraction and an increase in the performance of the LPECIT.

How to get a patent for invention. Recommendations for drawing up application materials

Availability of patents for inventions is a significant indicator of innovative activity in scientific research organization, one of efficiency criterion of its work, creates legal basis for integration innovations into practice and future commercial use. Not every inventor can formulate the point of his invention and describe it correctly according to demands of current legislation.Objective is to help a beginning inventor to form description and formula of invention correctly, to provide information, necessary for giving patent’s application.Recommendations for drawing up a claim according to the patent law of Russia are present in the article with an accent on inventions in the medical area. Conditions of patentability, objects of invention, patent validity periods have been considered. Conditions of creation companies’ inventions have also been highlighted. In the article the demands to a content of applications, structure of description, formula and an abstract of invention have been disclosed in details in compliance with “The Rules of drawing up, applying and considerations of papers (documents), which are the basis for performing legally significant actions in accordance with State registration of inventions” and “Demands to documents of an application of patent of invention”, approved by the Order Minister of Economic Development of Russian Federation, dated on 25.05.2016 No. 316. The example of description of invention in the medical area is given in order to illustrate an invention prototype.According to patent legislation of Russian Federation, a protection is provided to technical decision, which is new, not evident for a specialist in a given filed and is fully revealed in description of an invention in an amount, that is enough for its reproduction, and realization of a stated purpose is confirmed by materials of application. Formula of application must be totally based on a description.

Environmental protection of a coal-mining region

Research objective is to substantiate the relevance of mining transition to eco-friendly technologies of subsurface use. Methods of research include analyzing theory and practice of environmental technologies application and carrying out a multifactor experiment. Results. An efficiency criterion for mineral resources extraction technologies is proposed that involves reducing the effect made by the by-products of mining and processing enterprises on the state of the environment. The problem is considered of minimizing the environmental damage from storing silt coal in dumps and storages by utilizing their components. The mechanism of environmental pollution has been formulated. Aspects of metal recovery from beneficiation tailings in a disintegrator mill are investigated. A reduced threat to living matter is predicted by implementing the concept of radical waste-free processing of substandard mineral raw materials. The need to improve the processes of crushing, fine grinding, and classification of minerals in mills to reduce the waste of coal production, harmful to the environment, is noted. Conclusions and scope of the results. Deteriorated conditions of mineral deposits development raise the risk of man-made impact on the environment in coal-mining regions. The global human population grows resulting in increased resources production to respond to resource needs. The growing threat to living matter can be reduced by radical measures, the non-waste processing of substandard mineral raw materials being the priority. The research results can be helpful in the development of deposits of solid metal-containing technologically exposed ores

Impact of western sanctions on Russia's foreign trade indicators based on the developed exports efficiency criterion

In the framework of this scientific article the author of the criterion of efficiency of the country’s exports, developed on the basis of export performance indicator used by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany. The advantage of the proposed criterion of the author is that he became a multiparameter using a number of indicators such as the exporting country and the importing country. This criterion can be used to calculate the export potential of the country in the period of instability of the world economy, since under the proposed criteria can be considered not only the annual interval but also quarterly and monthly.

OPTIMIZATION OF CALCULATION SCHEMES

Any calculation is preceded by the stage of creating a design diagram of a real structure, which would most accurately correspond to real operating conditions. The more optimally the design scheme is drawn up, the less laborious the stages of calculation and design of the corresponding structure will be. There are practically no results of using this approach when calculating building structures. This article attempts to show the possibility and expediency of using the "Search for solutions" (add-on for Microsoft Excel) at the stage of choosing the optimal parameters of the design design schemeAny calculation is preceded by the stage of creating a design diagram of a real structure, which would most closely correspond to real operating conditions. The more optimally the design scheme is drawn up, the less laborious the stages of calculation and design of the corresponding structure will be. If the efficiency criterion is a linear function, and the variables in the constraint system are also linear, then such a problem is a linear programming problem. Of the listed methods of mathematical programming, the most common and developed is linear programming. To illustrate the idea of the proposed approach, a simple statically definable truss on two supports was deliberately chosen. This is done so that the idea of the proposed approach is not lost due to the complexity and cumbersomeness of the calculations. This article shows the possibility and feasibility of using the "Search for solutions" at the stage of choosing the optimal parameters of the design design scheme. After the design scheme has been defined, more powerful conventional means of calculating building structures can be involved for its complete calculation.

Personnel safe work training using the methods of pedagogical testing at the enterprises

The paper considers the dependence of the prevention of erroneous actions of the companys personnel at work on the degree of training. A scheme of safe human actions when a problem situation occurs has been designed, it is used to develop a technology for training safe actions. This scheme allowed creating comprehensive teaching techniques using a simulator based on concept-oriented pedagogical tests and instructions on safe performance of work with the help of standard-oriented pedagogical tests. A mini-alternative methodology is proposed for the development of skills and abilities to ensure safe work. To assess the effectiveness of this training method, an efficiency criterion is proposed. The authors present a concept of training for safe operations, taking into account the risks, and defining the employees responsibilities in case of emergences. The developed organizational structure of the instructions on safe operations with the use of computer technology includes the blocks that characterize the test activity, the reference base, extra materials and tests. The system of safe operation training has been tested at a number of enterprises in the Samara region and received a positive assessment from specialists.

A research on the stress-strain behaviour of structures made of filled shells

Introduction. The study of the stress-strain state of structures, made of filled shells, remains relevant in terms of interaction between principal structural elements (the shell, the filler, the bed), identification of the optimal combination of shell/filler characteristics, and conditions of their contact. The article addresses the findings of the research on a structural model of a thin cylindrical shell with a filler. Materials and methods. The problem of determining an effective ratio of basic dimensions of a structure is solved in the context of the maximally uniform distribution of forces in a shell with regard for the accepted constraints concerning the conditions of loading, fixing, and describing interaction between the model elements. In addition, the ratio of indicators of mechanical properties of the filler material and the shell is taken into account. The efficiency criterion is determined as a result of evaluating the stress state of a structure, at which forces inside the shell are distributed most evenly and the values of the radial forces are close to the forces directed along the generatrix of a shell. Results. The range of the effective ratio of the main dimensions of a shell is identified with regard for the ratio of the values of the indicator of the stress-strain behaviour of the shell and the filler, which is identified for larger groups of the internal filler, distinguished by the value of indicators of deformation characteristics. The co-authors have identified the ranges of ratios of geometric, rigidity and mechanical parameters of the system, that allow the structure to be attributed to the category of filled shells whose analysis can be performed with the help of applicable provisions of computational modeling. Conclusions. The results of the study allow for the selection of structural parameters based on the pre-set conditions and the criterion of uniformity of distribution of forces in a shell. The study also enables to identify the ratios of the above geometric, rigidity and mechanical parameters at which the structure should be attributed to the category of filled shells or “shells that have a filler” under the pre-set design conditions.

Features of determining the efficiency of innovative activities

Problem setting. Efficiency is a complex category of economics and one of the main indicators of business entities. Current trends in the development of innovation require consideration of new aspects of assessing the state of innovation in accordance with the system of performance criteria. The purpose of this article is a legal analysis of the procedure for determining the effectiveness of innovation. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The study of the process of determining the effectiveness of innovation is mostly devoted to the works of economists, such as J. Schumpeter, Y. Yakovets, A. Kharin, P. Mykytyuk, V. Koyuda, L. Lysenko and others. However, there is no single approach in research to the system of evaluating the effectiveness of innovation and its components. Article’s main body. One of the key principles of this policy is the effective use of market mechanisms to promote innovation, support for entrepreneurship in research and production. The strategy for the development of innovation for the period up to 2030 defines the concept of the coefficient of innovation efficiency as the ratio of the result to innovation resources, without disclosing the content and components of this term. Most economists in analyzing the evaluation of innovation distinguish between the concepts of "effect" and "effectiveness" of innovation. Generalization of criteria and systematization of the corresponding indicators of an estimation of efficiency of innovative activity, allows to allocate the following: Criterion of economic efficiency. Criterion of scientific and technical efficiency. Criterion of social efficiency. Criterion of ecological efficiency. Criterion of novelty. In our opinion, it is also possible to add to this generalized list of other criteria, in particular, a criterion that reflects the level of commercialization of innovation results (main indicators: introduction of commercial use of scientific and technical results; level of commercialization of innovation projects). potential in the resource to ensure competitiveness, the level of competitiveness of goods (services), the volume of investment demand, the level of profitability, taking into account possible risks etc.). Conclusions and prospects for the development. Legal support of innovation should be aimed at creating an effective regulatory framework and economic mechanisms to support and stimulate the state of innovation processes. Stimulation of innovative activity determines the level of its efficiency and effectiveness. In view of the above, it seems appropriate to regulate general indicators (criteria) and create a scientifically sound system for determining the effectiveness of innovation in an aspect-oriented direction in relation to determining the effectiveness of scientific institutions.