scholarly journals Sources and Eco-toxicological Effects of Ultrafine Particle Matters

2019 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 06008
Author(s):  
SHAN Huimei ◽  
LUO Linbo ◽  
WANG Shaopei ◽  
LIAO Danxue ◽  
ZHAO Chaoran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Control ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Atmospheric Particulates ◽  
Environmental Air ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Environmental Air Pollution

Environmental air pollution has become an important threat to human health. As one of the major air pollutants, atmospheric particulates have received attention widely. In which, ultrafine particulate matters (UPM) with diameter below 0.1μm have become the main components of ambient air particulates, posing a serious threat to the health of the organism. Therefore, this paper investigated and summarized the research on ultrafine particles at home and abroad, systematically analysed the sources of UPM in ambient air, investigated its toxicological effects of ultrafine particles on the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system of organisms. This study will provide a theoretical reference for environmental air protection and pollution control in China.

scholarly journals Ultrafine particle formation in the inland sea breeze airflow in Southwest Europe

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 9615-9630 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Fernández-Camacho ◽  
S. Rodríguez ◽  
J. de la Rosa ◽  
A. M. Sánchez de la Campa ◽  
M. Viana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Number Of Particles

Abstract. Studies on ultrafine particles (diameter < 100nm) and air quality have mostly focused on vehicle exhaust emissions and on new particle formation in "clean" ambient air. Here we present a study focused on the processes contributing to ultrafine particle concentrations in a city (Huelva, SW Spain) placed close to a coastal area where significant anthropogenic emissions of aerosol precursors occur. The overall data analysis shows that two processes predominantly contribute to the number of particles coarser than 2.5 nm: vehicle exhaust emissions and new particle formation due to photo-chemical activity. As typically occurs in urban areas, vehicle exhaust emissions result in high concentrations of black carbon (BC) and particles coarser than 2.5 nm (N) during the morning rush hours. The highest N concentrations were recorded during the 11:00–17:00 h period, under the sea breeze regime, when low BC concentrations were registered and photochemical activity resulted in high O3 levels and in new particle formation in the aerosol precursors' rich inland airflow. In this period, it is estimated that about 80% of the number of particles are linked to sulfur dioxide emissions. The contributions to N of "carbonaceous material and those compounds nucleating/condensing immediately after emission" and of the "new particle formation processes in air masses rich gaseous precursors (e.g. SO2)" were estimated by means of a relatively novel method based on simultaneous measurements of BC and N. A comparison with two recent studies suggests that the daily cycles of "new particle formation" during the inland sea breeze is blowing period seem to be a feature of ultrafine particles in coastal areas of South-west Europe.

scholarly journals Ultrafine particle formation in the inland sea breeze airflow in Southwest Europe

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 17753-17788 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Fernández-Camacho ◽  
S. Rodríguez ◽  
J. de la Rosa ◽  
A. M. Sánchez de la Campa ◽  
M. Viana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Vehicle Exhaust ◽  
Number Of Particles

Abstract. Studies on ultrafine particles and air quality have mostly focused on vehicle exhaust emissions and on new particle formation in "clean" ambient air. Here we present a study of the processes contributing to ultrafine particle concentrations in an urban coastal area (Huelva, SW Spain) where significant anthropogenic emissions of aerosol precursors occur. The overall data analysis shows that two processes predominantly contribute to the number of particles coarser than 2.5 nm: vehicle exhaust emissions and new particle formation due to photo-chemical activity. As typically occurs in urban areas, vehicle exhaust emissions result in high concentrations of black carbon (BC) and particles coarser than 2.5 nm (N) during the morning rush hours. The highest N concentrations were recorded during the 11–17 h period, under the sea breeze regime, when photochemical activity resulted in high O3 levels and new particle formation in the aerosol precursors' rich inland airflow. In this period, it is estimated that about 80% of the number of particles are linked to sulfur dioxide emissions. The contributions to N of "carbonaceous material and those compounds nucleating/condensing immediately after emission" and of the "new particle formation processes in air masses rich gaseous precursors (e.g. SO2)" were estimated by means of a relatively novel method based on simultaneous measurements of BC and N. A comparison with two recent studies suggests that the daily cycles of "new particle formation" during the period when the inland sea breeze is blowing period seem to be a feature of ultrafine particles in coastal areas of South-west Europe.

scholarly journals Potential pathophysiological mechanisms of ultrafine particle toxic effects in humans

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmina Jovic-Stosic ◽  
Milena Jovasevic-Stojanovic
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
General Hypothesis

Epidemiological and clinical studies suggested the association of the particulate matter ambient air pollution and the increased morbidity and mortality, mainly from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The size of particles has great influence on their toxicity, because it determines the site in the respiratory tract where they deposit. The most well established theory explaining the mechanisms behind the increased toxicity of ultrafine particles (UFP, < 0.1 ?m) is that it has to do with the increased surface area and/or the combination with the increased number of particles. Biological effects of UFP are also determined by their shape and chemical composition, so it is not possible to estimate their toxicity in a general way. General hypothesis suggested that exposure to inhaled particles induces pulmonary alveolar inflammation as a basic pathophysiological event, triggering release of various proinflammatory cytokines. Chronic inflammation is a very important underlying mechanism in the genesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. UFP can freely move through the circulation, but their effects on the secondary organs are not known yet, so more studies on recognizing toxicological endpoints of UFP are needed. Determination of UFP toxicity and the estimation of their internal and biologically active dose are necessary for the evidence based conclusions connecting air pollution by UFP and human diseases. .

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Modeling of Small-Scale Ultrafine Particle Variability Using Generalized Additive Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 313
Author(s):  
Alessandra Gaeta ◽  
Gianluca Leone ◽  
Alessandro Di Menno di Bucchianico ◽  
Mariacarmela Cusano ◽  
Raffaela Gaddi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Ultrafine Particle ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The University

High-resolution measurements of ultrafine particle concentrations in ambient air are needed for the study of health human effects of long-term exposure. This work, carried out in the framework of the VIEPI project (Integrated Evaluation of Indoor Particulate Exposure), aims to extend current knowledge on small-scale spatio-temporal variability of Particle Number Concentration (PNC, considered a proxy of the ultrafine particles) at a local scale domain (1 km × 1 km). PNC measurements were made in the university district of San Lorenzo in Rome using portable condensation particle counters for 7 consecutive days at 21 sites in November 2017 and June 2018. Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) were performed in the area for winter, summer and the overall period. The log-transformed two-hour PNC averages constitute the response variable, and covariates were grouped by urban morphology, land use, traffic and meteorology. Winter PNC values were about twice the summer ones. PNC recorded in the university area were significantly lower than those observed in the external routes. GAMs showed a rather satisfactory result in order to capture the spatial variability, in accordance with those of other previous studies: variances were equal to 71.1, 79.7 and 84%, respectively, for winter, summer and the overall period.

scholarly journals POS0644 AIR POLLUTION IS A PREDICTOR OF POOR RESPONSE TO BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIDES

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 560.2-560
Author(s):  
G. Adami ◽  
D. Gatti ◽  
A. Fassio ◽  
O. Viapiana ◽  
A. Giollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Biological Therapies ◽  
Case Crossover ◽  
Environmental Air ◽  
Discriminatory Capacity ◽  
Concentration Of Air Pollutants ◽  
Environmental Air Pollution

Background:There is increasingly evidence that environmental air pollution is associated with both development of chronic inflammatory arthritides (CIA). The role of air pollutants on the treatment response of CIA (including psoriatic arthritis [PsA] and ankylosing spondylitis [AS]) is still unclear.Objectives:The objective of the present study is to determine the association between the concentration of air pollutants and biological drug retention rates in CIA.Methods:We retrieved longitudinal data of patients affected by CIA on biological therapies and of the daily concentration of air pollutants in the Verona area. We designed a case-crossover study to compare the exposure to pollutants in the 30-day and 60-day periods preceding a drug switch or swap due to disease progression referent to the 30-day and 60-day periods preceding a visit with stable treatment for at least 6 months.Results:1,286 patients with CIA (888 with RA, 260 with PsA and 138 with AS) with 5,454 follow-up visits were included in the study. 13,636 daily air pollution records were retrieved. We found an exposure-dependent relationship between exposure to air pollutants and CRP serum levels in CIA. At PM10 exposures of >50 μg/m3 and >40 μg/m3 we found a 150% and 65% higher risk of having CRP above 5 mg/L respectively (OR 2.564, 95% CI 2.114-3.110 and OR 1.659, 95% CI 1.440-1.910, respectively.). If the threshold was set at >30 μg/m3 of PM10 (below the European Union health protection limit) we still found a 38% higher risk of having altered CRP (OR 1.383, 95% CI 1.206-1.588). Among CIA patients, 280 patients (21.7%) had at least 2 follow-up visits with at least one drug switch or swap due to drug inefficacy and one visit with stable treatment for at least 6 months, serving as our sample for the case-crossover study. We found that air pollutants concentrations were higher before a switch or swap due to drug inefficacy (Figure 1A). Figure 1B shows the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the prediction of switch or swap due to drug inefficacy. Discriminatory capacity of disease activity alone was the highest (AUC 0.841) but when the prediction model included the concentrations of air pollutants in the 60 days before the visit the discriminatory capacity increased (AUC 0.879).Figure 1.A) Mean concentrations of air pollutants in the 60-day period before switch or swap visit compared to the stable treatment visit. p <0.001 between all groups. B) Receiving operating characteristics (ROC) curves for the prediction of switch or swap due to drug inefficacyConclusion:We found that environmental air pollution was a determinant of poor response to biological treatment in a cohort of patients with CIA followed over a 5-year period. Intervention aimed to decrease the fossil combustion emissions might have beneficial effects on biologics persistence rate of patients with CIA.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals Assessment of Air Pollution status during COVID-19 Lockdown (Mar-May 2020) over Bangalore City in India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K C Gouda ◽  
Priya Singh ◽  
P Nikhilasuma ◽  
Mahendra Benke ◽  
Reshama Kumari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Control Board ◽  
Ambient Concentration ◽  
The City ◽  
Concentration Of Air Pollutants

Abstract The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which became a global pandemic by March 2020 (WHO, 2020), forced almost all countries over the world to impose the lockdown as a measure of social distancing to control the spread of infection. India also strictly implemented a countrywide lockdown, starting from 24th March onwards. This measure resulted in the reduction of the sources of air pollution in general; industrial, commercial, and vehicular pollution in particular, with visible improvement in Ambient Air Quality. In this study, the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the ambient concentration of air pollutants over the city of Bengaluru (India) is assessed using Continuous Ambient Air Quality Measurement (CAAQM) data from 10 monitoring stations spread across the city. The data was obtained from Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB). The analysis of the relative changes in the ambient concentration of six major air pollutants (NO, NO2, NOX, PM2.5, O3, and SO2) been carried out for two periods; March-May 2020 (COVID-19 lockdown) and the corresponding period of 2019 which was Non-COVID. The analysis revealed significant reduction in the concentration of ambient air pollutants at both daily and monthly intervals. This can be attributed to the reduction in sources of emission; vehicular traffic, industrial, and other activities. The average reduction in the concentration of NO, NO2, NOX, PM2.5, and O3 between 1st March to 12th May 2020 was found to be 63%, 48%, 48%, 18%, and 23% respectively when compared to the same period in 2019. Similarly, the comparative analysis of pollutant concentrations between pre-lockdown (March 01- March 23) and lockdown (Mar 24-May 12) period, shown a huge reduction in the ambient concentration of air pollutants; 47.3% (NO), 49% (NO2), 49% (NOX), 10% (SO2), 37.7% (PM2.5), and 15.6% (O3), resulting in improved air quality over Bangalore during the COVID-19 lockdown period. It is shown that the strict lockdown resulted in a significant reduction in the pollution levels. Such lockdowns may be useful as emergency intervention strategies to control air pollution in megacities when ambient air quality deteriorates dangerously.

Association between environmental air pollution and rheumatoid arthritis flares

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Adami ◽  
Ombretta Viapiana ◽  
Maurizio Rossini ◽  
Giovanni Orsolini ◽  
Eugenia Bertoldo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Low Disease Activity ◽  
Exposure Response ◽  
Daily Concentration ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Environmental Air ◽  
Concentration Of Air Pollutants ◽  
Environmental Air Pollution

Abstract Objectives Environmental air pollution has been linked to the pathogenesis of RA. Nevertheless, evidence linking higher concentrations of air pollutants with the risk of RA reactivations is missing. The objective of the present study was to determine the association between RA flares and air pollution. Methods We collected longitudinal data of patients affected by RA and of the daily concentration of air pollutants in the Verona area. We designed a case-crossover study. We compared the exposure to pollutants in the 30-day and 60-day periods preceding an arthritic flare referent to the 30-day and 60-day preceding a low-disease activity visit. Results The study included 888 patients with RA with 3396 follow-up visits; 13 636 daily air pollution records were retrieved. We found an exposure–response relationship between the concentration of air pollutants and the risk of having abnormal CRP levels. Patients exposed to greater concentrations of air pollutants were at higher risk of having CRP levels ≥5 mg/l. Concentrations of CO, NO, NO2, NOx, PM10, PM2.5 and O3 were higher in the 60-day period preceding a flare. Conclusions We found a striking association between air pollution and RA disease severity and reactivations in a cohort of patients followed over a 5-year period. The exposure to high levels of air pollutants was associated with increased CRP levels and a higher risk of experiencing a flare of arthritis. This excessive risk was evident at very low levels of exposure.

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