scholarly journals Study of muons from ultrahigh energy cosmic ray air showers measured with the Telescope Array experiment

2019 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 02012
Author(s):  
R. Takeishi
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Model ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Ultrahigh Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Hadronic Interaction ◽  
Telescope Array ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Number Of Particles

One of the uncertainties in ultrahigh energy cosmic ray (UHECR) observation derives from the hadronic interaction model used for air shower Monte-Carlo (MC) simulations. One may test the hadronic interaction models by comparing the measured number of muons observed at the ground from UHECR induced air showers with the MC prediction. The Telescope Array (TA) is the largest experiment in the northern hemisphere observing UHECR in Utah, USA. It aims to reveal the origin of UHECRs by studying the energy spectrum, mass composition and anisotropy of cosmic rays by utilizing an array of surface detectors (SDs) and fluorescence detectors. We studied muon densities in the UHE extensive air showers by analyzing the signal of TA SD stations for highly inclined showers. On condition that the muons contribute about 65% of the total signal, the number of particles from air showers is typically 1.88 ± 0.08 (stat.) ± 0.42 (syst.) times larger than the MC prediction with the QGSJET II-03 model for proton-induced showers. The same feature was also obtained for other hadronic interaction models, such as QGSJET II-04.

scholarly journals Sub-TeV hadronic interaction model differences and their impact on air showers

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Á. Pastor-Gutiérrez ◽  
H. Schoorlemmer ◽  
R. D. Parsons ◽  
M. Schmelling
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Model ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Hadronic Interaction ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Hadronic Interactions ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Experimental Use

AbstractIn the sub-TeV regime, the most widely used hadronic interaction models disagree significantly in their predictions for post-first interaction and ground-level particle spectra from cosmic ray induced air showers. These differences generate an important source of systematic uncertainty in their experimental use. We investigate the nature and impact of model uncertainties through a simultaneous analysis of ground level particles and first interaction scenarios. We focus on air shower primaries with energies close to the transition between high and low energy hadronic interaction models, where the dissimilarities have been shown to be the largest and well within the range of accelerator measurements. Interaction models are shown to diverge as several shower scenarios are compared, reflecting intrinsic differences in the model theoretical frameworks. Finally, we discuss the importance of interactions in the energy regime where the switching between models occurs ($$<1$$ < 1  TeV) and the effect of the choice of model on the number of hadronic interactions within cosmic ray induced air showers of higher energies.

scholarly journals Tests of hadronic interactions with measurements by Pierre Auger Observatory

2019 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 08003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul R. Prado
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Pierre Auger Observatory ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Hadronic Interaction ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Hadronic Interactions ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Muon Production

The hybrid design of the Pierre Auger Observatory allows for the measurement of a number of properties of extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays. By comparing these measurements to predictions from air shower simulations, it is possible to both infer the cosmic ray mass composition and test hadronic interactions beyond the energies reached by accelerators. In this paper, we will present a compilation of results of air shower measurements by the Pierre Auger Observatory which are sensitive to the properties of hadronic interactions and can be used to constrain the hadronic interaction models. The inconsistencies found between the interpretation of different observables with regard to primary composition and between their measurements and simulations show that none of the currently used hadronic interaction models can provide a proper description of air showers and, in particular, of the muon production.

scholarly journals Methods to measure the cosmic-ray composition with the Auger Engineering Radio Array

2019 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 02004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizia Canfora
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Atmospheric Depth ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Radio Stations ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Number Of Particles

The mass composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays plays a key role in the understanding of the origins ofthese rare particles. A composition-sensitive observable is the atmospheric depth at which the air shower reaches the maximum number of particles (Xmax). The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) detects the radio emission inthe 30-80 MHz frequency band from extensive air showers with energies larger than 1017 eV. It consists of more than 150 autonomous radio stations covering an area of about 17 km2. From the distribution of signals measured by the antennas, it is possible to estimate Xmax. In this contribution three independent methods for the estimation of Xmax will be presented.

scholarly journals Recent results from the cosmic ray program of the NA61/SHINE experiment

2019 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 05006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul R. Prado
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Proton Synchrotron ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Fixed Target ◽  
Hadronic Interaction ◽  
Super Proton Synchrotron ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Muon Production ◽  
Target Experiment

NA61/SHINE is a fixed target experiment designed to study hadron-proton, hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus interactions at the CERN Super-Proton-Synchrotron. In this paper we summarize the results from pion-carbon collisions recorded at beam momenta of 158 and 350 GeV=c. Hadron production measurements in these types of interactions is of fundamental importance for the understanding of the muon production in extensive air showers. In particular, production of (anti)baryons and ρ0 are mechanisms responsible for increasing the number of muons which reach the ground. The underestimation of the (anti)baryons or ρ0 production rates in current hadronic interaction models could be one of the sources of the excess of muons observed by cosmic ray experiments. The results on the production spectra of π±, K±, p, ¯p, Λ , ¯Λ, K0S, ρ0, ω and K*0 are presented, as well as their comparison to predictions of hadronic interaction models currently used in air shower simulations.

scholarly journals Study of muons in extensive air showers from ultra-high energy cosmic rays measured with the Telescope Array experiment

2019 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 08004
Author(s):  
R. Takeishi
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Extensive Air Showers ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Ultra High Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Hadronic Interaction ◽  
Telescope Array ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
High Energy Cosmic Rays

The origin of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) has been a long-standing mystery. One of the uncertainties in UHECR observation derives from the hadronic interaction model used for air shower Monte-Carlo (MC) simulations. The number of muons observed at ground level from UHECR induced air showers is expected to depend upon the composition of primary cosmic rays. The MC prediction also depends on hadronic interaction models. One may test the hadronic interaction models by comparing the measured number of muons with the MC prediction. The Telescope Array (TA) is the largest experiment in the northern hemisphere observing UHECR in Utah, USA. It aims to reveal the origin of UHECR by studying the energy spectrum, mass composition and anisotropy of cosmic rays by utilizing an array of surface detectors (SDs) and fluorescence detectors. We studied muon densities in the UHE extensive air showers by analyzing the signal of TA SD stations for highly inclined showers which should have high muon purity. A high muon purity condition is imposed that requires the geometry of the shower and relative position of the given station and implies that muons dominate the signal. On condition that the muons contribute about 65% of the total signal, the number of particles from air showers is typically 1.88 ± 0.08(stat:) ± 0.42(syst:) times larger than the MC prediction with the QGSJET II-03 model for protons. The same feature was also obtained for other hadronic models, such as QGSJET II-04.

scholarly journals Investigating the influence of diffractive interactions on ultrahigh-energy extensive air showers

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (26) ◽  
pp. 1850153 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Arbeletche ◽  
V. P. Gonçalves ◽  
M. A. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Models ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Extensive Air Showers ◽  
Ultrahigh Energy ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Hadronic Interactions ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Cosmic Ray Interactions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Elasticity Number

The understanding of the basic properties of the ultrahigh-energy extensive air showers is dependent on the description of hadronic interactions in an energy range beyond that probed by the LHC. One of the uncertainties present in the modeling of air showers is the treatment of diffractive interactions, which are dominated by nonperturbative physics and usually described by phenomenological models. These interactions are expected to affect the development of the air showers, since they provide a way of transporting substantial amounts of energy deep in the atmosphere, modifying the global characteristics of the shower profile. In this paper, we investigate the impact of diffractive interactions in the observables that can be measured in hadronic collisions at high energies and ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray interactions. We consider three distinct phenomenological models for the treatment of diffractive physics and estimate the influence of these interactions on the elasticity, number of secondaries, longitudinal air shower profiles and muon densities for proton-air and iron-air collisions at different primary energies. Our results demonstrate that even for the most recent models, diffractive events have a non-negligible effect on the observables and that the distinct approaches for these interactions, present in the phenomenological models, still are an important source of theoretical uncertainty for the description of the extensive air showers.

scholarly journals Test of the hadronic interaction models SIBYLL2.3, EPOS-LHC and QGSJETII- 04 with Tibet EAS core data

2019 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 08013
Author(s):  
M. Amenomori ◽  
X. J. Bi ◽  
D. Chen ◽  
T. L. Chen ◽  
W. Y. Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Energy Region ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Forward Region ◽  
Hadronic Interaction ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Shower Array

A hybrid experiment has been started by the ASγ experiment at Yangbajing (4300m a.s.l.) in Tibet since May 2009, that consists of a high-energy air-shower-core array (YAC-I) and a high-density air-shower array (Tibet-III). In this paper, we report our results to check the hadronic interaction models SIBYLL2.3, SIBYLL2.1, EPOS-LHC and QGSJETII-04 in the multi-tens TeV energy region using YAC-I+Tibet-III experimental data from May 2009 through January 2010. The effective live time is calculated as 106.05 days. The results show that the description of transverse momentum, inelastic cross-section and inelasticity for the 4 hadronic interaction models is consistent with YAC-I experimental data within 15% systematic errors range in the forward region below 100 TeV. Among them, the EPOS-LHC model is the best hadronic interaction model. Furthermore, we find that the H4a composition model is the best one below the 100 TeV energy region.

scholarly journals Report on Tests and Measurements of Hadronic Interaction Properties with Air Showers

2019 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 02004 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.P. Dembinski ◽  
J.C. Arteaga-Velázquez ◽  
L. Cazon ◽  
R. Conceição ◽  
J. Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extensive Air Showers ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Combine Data ◽  
Hadronic Interaction ◽  
Density Measurements ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Air Shower ◽  
Tests And Measurements ◽  
Shower Energy

We present a summary of recent tests and measurements of hadronic interaction properties with air showers. This report has a special focus on muon density measurements. Several experiments reported deviations between simulated and recorded muon densities in extensive air showers, while others reported no discrepancies. We combine data from eight leading air shower experiments to cover shower energies from PeV to tens of EeV. Data are combined using the z-scale, a unified reference scale based on simulated air showers. Energy-scales of experiments are cross-calibrated. Above 10 PeV, we find a muon deficit in simulated air showers for each of the six considered hadronic interaction models. The deficit is increasing with shower energy. For the models EPOS-LHC and QGSJet-II.04, the slope is found significant at 8 sigma.

scholarly journals EPOS

2019 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 11005
Author(s):  
K. Werner ◽  
B. Guiot ◽  
Iu. Karpenko ◽  
T. Pierog ◽  
G. Sophys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Hadronic Interaction ◽  
Air Shower

We summarize the main features of the hadronic interaction model EPOS, which is used for cosmic ray air shower simulations but also for p-p, p-A, and A-A collisions to be compared with experimental data from LHC and RHIC.

scholarly journals Muon Measurements with IceTop

2019 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 03003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier G. Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulations ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Shower Axis ◽  
South Pole ◽  
Air Showers ◽  
Hadronic Interaction ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Lateral Distance ◽  
Cosmic Ray Flux

We present the measurement of the density of GeV muons in near-vertical air showers by the IceTop array at the South Pole. The muon density is measured at 600 m and 800 m lateral distance from the shower axis in air showers between 1 PeV and 100 PeV. This result can be used to constrain hadronic interaction models by comparing it with the outcome of Monte Carlo simulations. We show that some models do not produce muon densities in agreement with this result unless an unphysical composition of the primary cosmic ray flux is assumed.

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