Operational Research on Design and Process Optimization of Ozone Water Application in Kitchen

Food safety is a very important focus in the kitchen industry today, as bacteria such as E.Coli and Salmonella are very difficult to tackle. The objective of the present study was to optimize nozzle designs that use ozone technology to bring out the best results in cleaning and sterilizing the kitchen utensils in Taylor’s University School of Hospitality kitchen area. This includes customization of the Medklinn International Sdn Bhd ozone machine and nozzle profiles that improve the effectiveness of ozone generated. Reduction or elimination of chemicals and water usage would be a part of the study. This will bring a huge impact on cost effectiveness, time saving and safety of the users. Return on investment (ROI) using ozone technology is calculated at the end of the research. To compare between the traditional way of cleaning and using ozone technology, the volume of water and dishwashing liquid used, and the Relative Light Units (RLU) before and after washing were recorded. The RLU numbers are found using the 3M Clean Trace measuring equipment. RLU was recorded to determine the cleanliness of the kitchen utensils before and after washing. It has been proved that ozone water with the accompaniment of the selected nozzle prototype is as efficient as the traditional way of cleaning.

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Impact of Business Process Re-Engineering (BPR) Implementation on Customer Satisfaction in E-Commerce Companies

Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations ◽

10.4018/jeco.2018100103 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 41-52

Author(s):

Gutama Kusse Getele ◽

Arrive Tsitaire Jean

Keyword(s):

Customer Satisfaction ◽

Random Sample ◽

Customer Service ◽

Business Process ◽

Primary Data ◽

Survey Questionnaire ◽

Time Saving ◽

Before And After

The objective of this article is to analyse the implementation of BPR in e-commerce platforms by measuring the level of customer satisfaction. The issues tested involve: how customers perceive the BPR objectives in e-commerce platforms; time used for diverse transactions before and after BPR; awareness and usage of BPR services provided by e-commerce platforms; satisfaction about the e-commerce platform services after BPR; BPR impact on customers, employees and e-commerce platform performance; advantages of BPR in e-commerce platforms and; difficulties faced by the customers after BPR in the e-commerce platform. Primary data was used through a survey questionnaire on a random sample of 402 student customers of Taobao and JD.com. The results found that time saving is significantly positive on implementation of BPR; following customers perceived a better quality of customer service. The sample student customers perceived that the BPR has a greater impact on customers than on employees, as well as on the performance of a platform.

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The cost-effectiveness and return-on-investment of a combined social and physical environmental intervention in office employees

Health Education Research ◽

10.1093/her/cyx055 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 384-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. M. van Dongen ◽

J. K. Coffeng ◽

M. F. van Wier ◽

C. R. L. Boot ◽

I. J. M. Hendriksen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Return On Investment ◽

Environmental Intervention ◽

The Cost ◽

Office Employees

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Examining the cost-effectiveness of personal protective equipment for formal healthcare workers in Kenya during the COVID-19 pandemic

BMC Health Services Research ◽

10.1186/s12913-021-07015-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jacob Kazungu ◽

Kenneth Munge ◽

Kalin Werner ◽

Nicholas Risko ◽

Andres I. Vecino-Ortiz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Incremental Cost ◽

Healthcare Worker ◽

Personal Protective Equipment ◽

Return On Investment ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Health Economic Evaluation ◽

Response Strategy ◽

Decision Analytic Model ◽

Protective Equipment

Abstract Background Healthcare workers are at a higher risk of COVID-19 infection during care encounters compared to the general population. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) have been shown to protect COVID-19 among healthcare workers, however, Kenya has faced PPE shortages that can adequately protect all healthcare workers. We, therefore, examined the health and economic consequences of investing in PPE for healthcare workers in Kenya. Methods We conducted a cost-effectiveness and return on investment (ROI) analysis using a decision-analytic model following the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) guidelines. We examined two outcomes: 1) the incremental cost per healthcare worker death averted, and 2) the incremental cost per healthcare worker COVID-19 case averted. We performed a multivariate sensitivity analysis using 10,000 Monte Carlo simulations. Results Kenya would need to invest $3.12 million (95% CI: 2.65–3.59) to adequately protect healthcare workers against COVID-19. This investment would avert 416 (IQR: 330–517) and 30,041 (IQR: 7243 – 102,480) healthcare worker deaths and COVID-19 cases respectively. Additionally, such an investment would result in a healthcare system ROI of $170.64 million (IQR: 138–209) – equivalent to an 11.04 times return. Conclusion Despite other nationwide COVID-19 prevention measures such as social distancing, over 70% of healthcare workers will still be infected if the availability of PPE remains scarce. As part of the COVID-19 response strategy, the government should consider adequate investment in PPE for all healthcare workers in the country as it provides a large return on investment and it is value for money.

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The social and economic benefit of health literacy interventions in the WHO EURO region

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.390 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A Stielke ◽

M Dyakova ◽

K Ashton ◽

T van Dam

Keyword(s):

Health Promotion ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Health Literacy ◽

Health Systems ◽

Return On Investment ◽

Grey Literature ◽

Literacy Interventions ◽

Social Return On Investment ◽

Mesh Terms ◽

The Social

Abstract Background Health literacy (HL) allows people to make informed decisions regarding their health, enabling them to understand health promotion activities and to self-manage their disease or complication without requiring support from healthcare services. HL has the potential to support sustainability in health systems by decreasing healthcare spendings stemming from lowered disease occurrence and progression, it can also impact on the rest of peoples’ lives and their surroundings by allowing them to be more independent. This study researched the evidence for return on investment and the social return on investment for health literacy interventions within the WHO EURO region. Methods A narrative literature review on published peer-reviewed reviews and grey literature was conducted by use of keywords and MeSH terms. Google, Google Scholar and PubMed were used find literature. The search on PubMed was restricted to reviews, published within the last 10 years (2009-2019), in English. Results In total, 450 publications were screened 12 publications that analysed the economic or social aspect of HL interventions were identified. Five discussed the cost-effectiveness of health literacy, three the return on investment (ROI) and the remaining three the social return on investment (SROI) of HL. Types of HL interventions ranged from health promotion campaigns, web-based HL programs, prevention systems to education-based interventions. Cost-effectiveness differed between studies and fields. Evidence for ROI was found, the return ratios ranged from 0.62 to 27.4. Findings show SROI between 4.41 and 7.25, indicating additional value of social benefit next to improved health. Conclusions A link between cost-effectiveness and HL interventions was established and ROI and SROI showed positive ratios. Further research is required in order to investigate whether HL interventions consistently achieve a positive returns. Key messages A link between health literacy interventions and positive investment returns has been established. Health literacy interventions show potential for sustainable development of health systems.

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An Event Study Analysis of Political Events, Disasters, and Accidents for Chinese Tourists to Taiwan

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10114307 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 4307

Author(s):

Chia-Lin Chang ◽

Shu-Han Hsu ◽

Michael McAleer

Keyword(s):

Event Study ◽

Fundamental Equation ◽

Rate Of Change ◽

Group Type ◽

Political Events ◽

Before And After ◽

Huge Impact ◽

Chinese Tourists ◽

Conditional Variance Models ◽

The Taiwan Strait

The number of Chinese tourists visiting Taiwan has been closely related to the political relationship across the Taiwan Strait. The occurrence of political events and disasters or accidents have had, and will continue to have, a huge impact on the Taiwan tourism market. To date, there has been relatively little empirical research conducted on this issue. Tourists are characterized as being involved in one of three types of tourism: group tourism (group-type), individual tourism (individual-type), and medical cosmetology (medical-type). We use the fundamental equation in tourism finance to examine the correlation that exists between the rate of change in the number of tourists and the rate of return on tourism. Second, we use the event study method to observe whether the numbers of tourists have changed abnormally before and after the occurrence of major events on both sides of the Strait. Three different types of conditional variance models, namely, the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity, GARCH (1,1), Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle, GJR (1,1) and Exponential GARCH, EGARCH (1,1), are used to estimate the abnormal rate of change in the number of tourists. The empirical results concerning the major events affecting the changes in the numbers of tourists from China to Taiwan are economically significant, and confirm the types of tourists that are most likely to be affected by such major events.

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Evaluation of the Cost-Effectiveness of the Installation of Heat-Cost Allocators in Multifamily Buildings in Croatia

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12030507 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 507 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sunčana Slijepčević ◽

Davor Mikulić ◽

Kristijan Horvat

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Net Present Value ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Heat Energy ◽

Energy Prices ◽

Present Value ◽

Improve Energy Efficiency ◽

Before And After ◽

The Cost

In order to improve energy efficiency, the Croatian government introduced an individual metering obligation for all district heat network users. The purpose of the research was to evaluate this policy measure regarding its effects on tenants’ behavior and energy savings, but also from the perspective of cost-effectiveness. The sample includes approximately 20% of all Croatian users of district heat energy. Energy savings related to the installation of heat cost allocators are calculated by comparing the specific heat energy consumption, corrected for the number of heating degree days, in periods before and after the installation of the heat cost allocators. The cost-effectiveness assessment is based on the concept of the net present value. The transition to individual metering in Croatia resulted in significant energy savings averaged from 20 to 35%. However, low heat energy prices in cities with a dominant share of heat energy consumption did not ensure a positive net present value of investment for all buildings.

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PO 7151 COMPARING TWO BED NET DELIVERY MODELS IN’RURAL DISTRICTS OF MOZAMBIQUE

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.48 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (Suppl 3) ◽

pp. A19.3-A19

Author(s):

Jorge Arroz

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Implementation Strategies ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Universal Coverage ◽

Bed Net ◽

Net Benefit ◽

Previous Night ◽

Before And After ◽

New Strategy ◽

Delivery Models

BackgroundThe use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) is associated with a reduction in malaria transmission. In 2015, a new delivery strategy (intervention) for universal coverage campaign was tested and compared with standard strategy (control). The objective is to compare two bed net delivery models in rural districts of Mozambique.MethodsTwo districts served as intervention, and two as control. The following study design was used: 1) before and after; and 2) cost-effectiveness analysis. Three core implementation strategies were tested: 1) use of coupons during household registration, 2) use of stickers to identify registered houses, and 3) a new LLINs allocation criterion. The main endpoints measured were: i) percentage of distributed LLINs; ii) LLINs ownership and use coverage; iii) percentage of households that achieved universal coverage; iv) incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER); v) incremental net benefit (INB).ResultsApproximately 88% (302,648) of LLINs were distributed in intervention districts compared to 77% (219,613) in control districts [OR: 2.14 (95% CI: 2.11–2.16)]. Six months after the 2015 campaign, 98.8% of the 760 households surveyed in the intervention districts had at least one LLIN; 89.6% of the 787 households surveyed in the control districts had at least one LLIN [OR: 9.7, (95% CI: 5.25–22.76)]. Near 95% and 87% of respondents who had at least one LLIN, reported having slept under the LLIN the previous night in the intervention and control districts, respectively [OR: 3.2; (95% CI 2.12–4.69)]; 71% of the households surveyed achieved universal coverage in the intervention districts against 59.6% in the control districts [OR: 1.6; (95% CI: 1.33–2.03)]. ICER per distributed LLIN was US$ 0.68. INB was positive.ConclusionIntervention districts had greater LLINs availability, greater LLINs ownership and use coverage, and a better progression toward reaching universal coverage targets. The new strategy was more cost-effective than the previous strategy.

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AI-Based Physical and Virtual Platform with 5-Layered Architecture for Sustainable Smart Energy City Development

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11164479 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (16) ◽

pp. 4479 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Sanguk Park ◽

Sanghoon Lee ◽

Sangmin Park ◽

Sehyun Park

Keyword(s):

Return On Investment ◽

Cost Savings ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Urban Environments ◽

Sustainable Cities ◽

City Development ◽

Layered Architecture ◽

Before And After ◽

Virtual Platform ◽

Energy Element

To build sustainable smart energy cities (SECs) around the world, many countries are now combining customized services and businesses within their energy infrastructure and urban environments. Such changes could then promote the development of platforms that ultimately provide benefits for citizens such as convenience, safety, and cost savings. Currently, the development of technologies for SECs focuses on independent products and unit technology. However, this is problematic, as it may not be possible to develop sustainable cities if there is a lack of connectivity between various elements within the SEC. To solve such problems, this paper presents an AI-based physical and virtual platform using a 5-layer architecture to develop a sustainable smart energy city (SSEC). The architecture employs both a top-down and bottom-up approach and the links between each energy element in the SSEC can readily be analyzed. The economic analysis based on return on investment (ROI) is carried out by comparing the economic benefits before and after the application of this system. Deploying the proposed platform will enable the speedy development and application of new services for SSECs and will provide SSECs with measures to ensure sustainable development, such as rapid urban development, and cost reductions.

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A Generalised System for Project Control and Evaluation

Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society ◽

10.1017/s000192400005675x ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 70 (669) ◽

pp. 884-885

Author(s):

George Mitchell

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Research Methods ◽

Operational Research ◽

Aerospace Industry ◽

Qualitative Evaluation ◽

Project Control ◽

Quantitative Indices ◽

Practical System ◽

Complex Projects ◽

And Control

An immediate requirement within the aerospace industry appears to be the development of a practical system for the evaluation and control of complex projects. No amount of qualitative evaluation will present management with the answer to the problem of making complex decisions. The Generalised System for Project Control and Evaluation presents an approach towards evaluation of quantitative indices of “value” and “cost effectiveness” that can be optimised, possibly by operational research methods, to produce information that can be used by management in the making of realistic decisions.

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