Classical physical mechanism of quantum production and its explanation for hydrogen atom structure and photoelectric effect

In this paper, the problems existing in the concepts of Planck's energy element and Einstein's light quantum are analyzed, and the alternate concept of quantum and a new concept of electron transition power were proposed. This paper clarifies the common misunderstanding in classical electromagnetics that the electron will radiate electromagnetic wave when it moves around the nucleus in a uniform circular motion and points out that the electron will radiate and absorb electromagnetic waves only when it moves around the nucleus in an accelerated or decelerated motion with a change of frequency and expounds the classical physical mechanism of quantum generation. Based on this, the quantization of electron orbital energy level of hydrogen atom and the phenomenon of spectrum are explained without Bohr's “quantization hypothesis.” In addition, the photoelectric effect is explained by using the modified quantum concept. The modified quantum concept and its mechanism of classical physics break the gap between macro and micro physics, eliminate the contradiction between “classical physics” and “quantum mechanics,” and lay an important foundation for the reconstruction of unified macro and micro physics.

“Mechanical” as a MetapLot in Prokofiev's Music

Статья посвящена изучению звукоизобразительной сферы, связанной с образом машины, механизма, и ее отражения в музыке Прокофьева. Основной признак «механического» в музыке - ритмика ostinato, активно используемая в новоевропейской традиции, особенно в эпохи барокко и классицизма с их приоритетом ритмоэнергической стихии. В ХХ веке в контексте новых реалий сформировались «механические» ассоциации ostinato. Прокофьев - один из родоначальников традиции «механического» в музыке. Круг ассоциаций, связанный с этой традицией, имеет особое значение для его творчества благодаря приоритетной роли в нем ритмоэнергического начала и пульсации. «Механическое» у Прокофьева становится репрезентантом деперсонализации, а музыкальная ткань - полем конфликта персонализированного материала с «механическим», который можно интерпретировать как конфликт индивидуации и коллективных структур человеческого сознания. The article is devoted to the sound-visual sphere associated with the image of a machine, mechanism, and its reflection in Prokofiev's music. The main feature of a “mechanical” in music is ostinato, which was used in European music for several centuries, especially in the Baroque and Classicism eras with their priority of the rhythmic-energy element. In the 20 century it acquired “mechanical” associations in the context of new realities. Prokofiev is one of the founders of the new tradition of “mechanical” in music. This circle of associations is of particular importance in his music due to the priority role of rhythmic-energetic beginning and pulsation in it. The “mechanical” in Prokofiev becomes a representative of depersonalization, and the musical fabric becomes a field of conflict between personalized material and “mechanical”, which can be interpreted as a conflict of individuation and the collective structures of human consciousness.

Statically Balancing a Reconfigurable Mechanism by Using One Passive Energy Element Only—A Case Study

This paper presents the static balancing design of a special reconfigurable linkage that can switch between two one-degree-of-freedom (DoF) working configurations. We will show that the studied dual-mode linkage only requires one mechanical spring or one counterweight for completely balancing its gravitational effect in theory at both modes. First, the theoretical models of the spring-based and the counterweight-based designs are derived. The proposed design concepts were then demonstrated by a numerical example and validated by software simulation. Experimental tests on both designs were also performed. The result of this study shows that a reconfigurable mechanism with N working configurations can be completely statically balanced by using less than N passive energy elements.

Use Ultra-Wideband Discone Rectenna for Broadband RF Energy Harvesting Applications

In this study, a broadband Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvester implementation is presented. The system uses a broadband discone antenna, which can operate efficiently in a broad frequency spectrum, including LTE, DCS 1800 and UMTS 2100 cellular frequency bands. The system is able to harvest energy from various electromagnetic field sources, thus has the potential to efficiently charge a storage energy element in a short time. The prototype broadband RF energy harvester was tested in the laboratory and also in a typical urban environment.

AI-Based Physical and Virtual Platform with 5-Layered Architecture for Sustainable Smart Energy City Development

To build sustainable smart energy cities (SECs) around the world, many countries are now combining customized services and businesses within their energy infrastructure and urban environments. Such changes could then promote the development of platforms that ultimately provide benefits for citizens such as convenience, safety, and cost savings. Currently, the development of technologies for SECs focuses on independent products and unit technology. However, this is problematic, as it may not be possible to develop sustainable cities if there is a lack of connectivity between various elements within the SEC. To solve such problems, this paper presents an AI-based physical and virtual platform using a 5-layer architecture to develop a sustainable smart energy city (SSEC). The architecture employs both a top-down and bottom-up approach and the links between each energy element in the SSEC can readily be analyzed. The economic analysis based on return on investment (ROI) is carried out by comparing the economic benefits before and after the application of this system. Deploying the proposed platform will enable the speedy development and application of new services for SSECs and will provide SSECs with measures to ensure sustainable development, such as rapid urban development, and cost reductions.

Design of Four-Bar-Mechanism Stability Using Over-Constraint

This paper presents a new concept and method to design mechanisms’ stability using over-constraint. The designs involve the use of parametric Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software to synthesize a mechanism’s geometry in order to achieve a design’s specific bistability requirements. This method ensures a stable position without the need of a hard-stop. There are two main initial design considerations that need to be met in this analysis. First, both (first and second) state of the mechanism should be chosen and should represent the mechanism’s desired stable positions. The first state is the position that the mechanism was manufactured or assembled at, whereas the second state is the position at which the mechanism is toggled to. The second consideration is the assumption that the magnitude of the joints’ torsional spring stiffness is small i.e. living hinges. The main idea is to attach a Potential Energy Element (PEE), such as a spring or a compliant link, to the four-bar mechanism such that it is unstretched in both stable positions and has to deform (stretch or compress) during the motion between stable states. This approach seems to allow the designer considerable freedom in amount of motion between stable states and in the amount of force required to toggle between stable states.

Renewable energy on animal farms: support system and practical application

Renewable energy applications were examined in animal farms. The investment support system for animal farms – which has renewable elements – has been summarized through analyzing the legislation and future prospects. The most important in this topic is the Animal Farm Modernization Support, which had several application periods during the 2007–2013 CAP budgets. For analyzing practical application of renewable energies interviews and farm visits have done in Hajdú-Bihar County. The questions covered the general attributes of the farms and the details of the (existing or planned) renewable energy application. In terms of economic analysis saving, the investment return time and the employment effect were examined. The results show wide variety of applied renewable energy application. The investment supports plays great role in renewable energy projects by lowering the return time; and through additional points in application assessing, which is an incentive for farmers to include renewable energy element in their modernization projects.

DARK ENERGY MODELS AND SUPERNOVA RELIC NEUTRINOS

Recent cosmological observations show that the unknown energy element called dark energy dominates in the universe. In this letter, we investigate to what extent dark energy models influence supernova relic neutrino (SRN) spectra when the supernova rate could be determined by direct counting and discuss the possibility to distinguish dark energy models using future observation of SRN. We found that the total number of SRN events in GCG model will be larger than those in ΛCDM and holographic dark energy models by 20%. As a result, we find a possibility to distinguish GCG model from ΛCDM and holographic dark energy models using observation of SRN. SRN should be a unique probe into dark energy models and will play complementary roles to other observables.

Prediction of Springback in Straight Flanging Operation

A straight flange problem is investigated with the expectation that this will lead to a better understanding of the deformation mechanism and to more complicated flanging problems. The “in-die” shape of the part is subdivided into a number of segments and individual springback of each segment is investigated, by releasing the elastic energy element by element, using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Typical distribution of the springback angle along the blank is obtained and found to be quite different from the widely used constant springback assumption for the curved part of the flange. A new model incorporating a non-uniform moment distribution at the curved part is proposed which reflects the above observation. Explicit analytical formulae are derived and the analytical predictions match with the experimental results very well.