scholarly journals The AVAC-COM Communication Model and Taxonomy: Results from Application to Aviation Safety Events

2019 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
Nektarios Karanikas ◽  
David Passenier
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aviation Safety ◽  
Communication Model ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Potential Value ◽  
Communication Problems ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Time Period

Communication problems are acknowledged as hazardous eventualities affecting operations negatively. However, a few systematic attempts have been made to understand the pattern of communication issues and their contribution to safety events. In this paper, we present the AVAC-COM communication model and taxonomy based on the cybernetics approach and a literature review. The model elements and taxonomy variables regard the actors, signals, coders, interference, direction and timing, predictability, decoders, and channels. To test the applicability and potential value of the AVAC-COM framework, we analysed 103 safety investigation reports from aviation published between 1997 and 2016 by the respective authorities of Canada, the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The overall results of the 256 cases of communication flaws detected in the reports suggested that these regarded more frequently Human-Media and Human-Human interactions, verbal and local communications as well as unfamiliarity of the receivers with the messages transmitted. Further statistical tests revealed associations of the region, time period, event severity and operations type with various variables of the AVAC-COM taxonomy. Although the findings are only indicative, they showed the potential of the AVAC-COM model and taxonomy to be used to identify strong and weak communication elements and relationships in documented data such as investigation and hazard reports.

scholarly journals Does the Yield Curve Predict Output?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph G. Haubrich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Yield Curve ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
The United States ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Time Period

Does the yield curve have the ability to predict output and recessions? At some times and in certain places, of course! But when and where, which aspects of the curve matter most, and which economic forces account for the predictive ability are matters of dispute. Over the years, an increasingly sophisticated set of tools, both statistical and theoretical, has addressed the issue. For the United States, an inverted yield curve, particularly when the spread between the yield on 10-year and 3-month Treasuries becomes negative, has been a robust indicator of recessions in the post–World War II period. The spread also predicts future real GDP growth for the United States, although the forecast ability varies by time period in ways that appear to depend on monetary policy. The evidence is less clear in other countries, but the yield curve shows some predictive ability for the United Kingdom and Germany, among others. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Financial Economics, Volume 13 is March 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Do Derivatives Hinder the Financial Contagion? A Case Study of Developed Countries’ Stock Markets

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 89-101
Author(s):  
Saeed Rasekhi ◽  
Nasim Nabavi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Financial Contagion ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Derivative Instruments ◽  
Copula Method ◽  
Negative Effect

The main purpose of this study is to test the effect of the derivative instruments on financial contagion in developed countries including France, Germany, South Korea, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, considering the United States as the source of the crisis. Therefore, at first, existence of the contagion in the markets was investigated using the ARMA-GARCH-COPULA method, and then, the effect of the derivative instruments on the contagion for the selected countries was examined during the time period 01: 2007: to 08:2018. The results confirm the negative effect of the derivatives on the contagion.

Solitary Confinement

Criminology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian O'Donnell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Solitary Confinement ◽  
Administrative Segregation ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Solitary Cell ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Protective Custody ◽  
The 19Th Century

Solitary confinement has long been part of the practice of imprisonment in the United States, the United Kingdom, and elsewhere. It has changed over time in terms of the underlying rationale, the enthusiasm with which it is embraced, and the identities of its most ardent advocates. In the early decades of the 19th century, religiously motivated prison reformers were at the forefront. Consensus was widespread about the need for prisoners to live by a rule of silence but disagreement as to whether this required separation at all times from their peers or whether silent association was acceptable (or, indeed, preferable). In the closing decades of the 20th century, there was renewed interest in solitary confinement, but without the concern for prisoner welfare and rehabilitation that had characterized earlier debates. Now the protagonists were prison administrators, and a discourse that had taken place outside the prison gates and featured many voices was replaced by one that was almost entirely internal and one-sided. Typically, there are four kinds of circumstances under which prisoners are isolated. First, there is protective custody, often at the prisoner’s request. A return to the general population can be difficult if a prisoner has been segregated because of vulnerability due to the nature of his or her offense, the accumulation of debts that cannot be discharged, or a perception that he or she has communicated information to staff. Second, there is disciplinary detention for breaking prison rules; generally the duration is relatively short. In some countries a court can impose solitary confinement as part of a sentence and the time period here can be lengthy. Third is administrative segregation. This can be short term (e.g., while an investigation is being carried out or pending transfer) or long term (if a prisoner is thought to present a threat to institutional order). Fourth, there are occasions when prisoners seek the respite of the solitary cell as a way of easing psychological pressures. In such cases the stay tends to be brief and prisoners return to their usual place of abode afterward. Long-term administrative segregation in the United States in facilities that have been described as offering “supermax” custody has generated concern on human rights grounds as well as for reasons of economy and efficacy.

scholarly journals Global Mutual Fund Industry Comparisons: Canada, The United Kingdom And The United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Daniel C. Hepp ◽  
Erinn J. Lott
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Mutual Funds ◽  
Mutual Fund ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equity Market ◽  
Expense Ratio ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Over Time

The concept of mutual funds is older than many believe, originating in Holland over 230 years ago.  Through the years, mutual funds have evolved by allowing investors to invest their capital in various venues.  The structure of mutual funds in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States possess similar configurations.  The majority of funds in all three nations are invested in the equity market.  Although the structure may be the same, the size in terms of assets varies by these three countries.  This is not the only difference though; the expense ratio is greatly differentiated, dramatically affecting the amount of return that the investor will anticipate over time.  Assuming identical returns, the authors illustrate that over a hypothetical ten-year time period, your funds would grow the most in the United States, followed by the United Kingdom and finally Canada.  This analysis assumes comparable contemporary expense ratios of 1.4% for the United States, 1.63% for the United Kingdom, and 2.1% for Canada.  In addition, we make the assumption that these comparison countries are having investors procure funds in no-load mutual funds.

scholarly journals Do Derivatives Hinder the Financial Contagion? A Case Study of Developed Countries’ Stock Markets

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-101
Author(s):  
Saeed Rasekhi ◽  
Nasim Nabavi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Financial Contagion ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Derivative Instruments ◽  
Copula Method ◽  
Negative Effect

The main purpose of this study is to test the effect of the derivative instruments on financial contagion in developed countries including France, Germany, South Korea, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, considering the United States as the source of the crisis. Therefore, at first, existence of the contagion in the markets was investigated using the ARMA-GARCH-COPULA method, and then, the effect of the derivative instruments on the contagion for the selected countries was examined during the time period 01: 2007: to 08:2018. The results confirm the negative effect of the derivatives on the contagion.

Effectiveness of Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amaia Del Campo ◽  
Marisalva Fávero
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sexual Abuse Prevention ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Methodological Considerations

Abstract. During the last decades, several studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of sexual abuse prevention programs implemented in different countries. In this article, we present a review of 70 studies (1981–2017) evaluating prevention programs, conducted mostly in the United States and Canada, although with a considerable presence also in other countries, such as New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The results of these studies, in general, are very promising and encourage us to continue this type of intervention, almost unanimously confirming its effectiveness. Prevention programs encourage children and adolescents to report the abuse experienced and they may help to reduce the trauma of sexual abuse if there are victims among the participants. We also found that some evaluations have not considered the possible negative effects of this type of programs in the event that they are applied inappropriately. Finally, we present some methodological considerations as critical analysis to this type of evaluations.

Science, Politics, and the Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (820) ◽  
pp. 303-309
Author(s):  
J. Nicholas Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific Advice ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
Scientific Expertise ◽  
The Uk

Comparing the virus responses in Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States shows that in order for scientific expertise to result in effective policy, rational political leadership is required. Each of these three countries is known for advanced biomedical research, yet their experiences in the COVID-19 pandemic diverged widely. Germany’s political leadership carefully followed scientific advice and organized public–private partnerships to scale up testing, resulting in relatively low infection levels. The UK and US political responses were far more erratic and less informed by scientific advice—and proved much less effective.

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