scholarly journals Histological and immunological differences between zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major and sporadic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum

Parasite ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thouraya Boussoffara ◽  
Mohamed Samir Boubaker ◽  
Melika Ben Ahmed ◽  
Mourad Mokni ◽  
Ikram Guizani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Chemotactic Protein ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Lesion features in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) depend on the infecting Leishmania species as well as on host immune reponse. In this study, we evaluated the histological and immunological differences between two forms of CL described in Tunisia: zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) caused by L. major and sporadic cutaneous leishmaniasis (SCL) caused by L. infantum. Histological analysis showed a mild to moderate infiltrate within ZCL lesions. In contrast, massive infiltration of the dermis was observed within SCL lesions. Contrary to ZCL, infiltrates within SCL lesions were organized and showed granuloma composed of macrophages and lymphocytes. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis showed a predominance of CD4+ T cells within both CL forms. Furthermore, expression of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-8, IL-13 and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 was evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). MCP-1 and IL-10 were expressed at comparable levels in ZCL and SCL lesions. Interestingly, IL-8 mRNA levels were significantly higher in ZCL lesions compared to SCL lesions, but interferon-γ was significantly higher in SCL lesions than in ZCL lesions.

scholarly journals Prolonged Withdrawal from Escalated Oxycodone is Associated with Increased Expression of Glutamate Receptors in the Rat Hippocampus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron J Salisbury ◽  
Christopher A Blackwood ◽  
Jean Lud Cadet
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Lever Pressing ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Long Access

People suffering from opioid use disorder (OUD) exhibit cognitive dysfunctions. Here, we investigated potential changes in the expression of glutamate receptors in rat hippocampi at 2 hours and 31 days after the last session of oxycodone self-administration (SA). RNA extracted from the hippocampus was used in quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses. Rats, given long-access (9 hours per day) to oxycodone (LgA), took significantly more drug than rats exposed to short-access (3 hours per day) (ShA). In addition, LgA rats could be further divided into higher oxycodone taking (LgA-H) or lower oxycodone taking (LgA-L) groups, based on a cut-off of 50 infusions per day. LgA rats, but not ShA, rats exhibited incubation of oxycodone craving. In addition, LgA rats showed increased mRNA expression of GluA1-3 and GluN2a-c subunits as well as Grm3, Grm5, Grm6 and Grm8 subtypes of glutamate receptors after 31 days but not after 2 hours of stopping the SA experiment. Changes in GluA1-3, Grm6, and Grm8 mRNA levels also correlated with increased lever pressing (incubation) after long periods of withdrawal from oxycodone. More studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in altering the expression of these receptors during withdrawal from oxycodone and/or incubation of drug seeking.

scholarly journals Performance of an ELISA and Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay in Serological Diagnosis of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahador Sarkari ◽  
Marzieh Ashrafmansouri ◽  
GholamReza Hatam ◽  
Parvaneh Habibi ◽  
Samaneh Abdolahi Khabisi
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Serological Test ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Indirect Immunofluorescent

Serological assays have been extensively evaluated for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and considered as a routine method for diagnosis of VL while these methods are not properly evaluated for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). This study aimed to assess the performance of indirect immunofluorescent-antibody test (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serodiagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Sixty-one sera samples from parasitologically confirmed CL patients and 50 sera from healthy controls along with 50 sera from non-CL patients were collected. Antigen was prepared from promastigotes and amastigotes ofLeishmania major. IFA was used to detect anti-LeishmaniaIgG while ELISA was used to detect anti-LeishmaniaIgM, total IgG, or IgG subclasses (IgG1 and 4). ELISA, for detection of total IgG and IgM, showed sensitivity of 83.6% and 84.7% and specificity of 62.7% and 54.6%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of ELISA for detecting IgG1 and IgG4 were 64%, 75% and 85%, 49%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of IFA were 91.6% and 81%.Conclusion. Findings of this study demonstrated that serological test, especially IFA, can be used for proper diagnosis of CL.

First report of natural infection in hedgehogs with Leishmania major, a possible reservoir of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Algeria

Acta Tropica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Míriam Tomás-Pérez ◽  
Mourad Khaldi ◽  
Cristina Riera ◽  
Denis Mozo-León ◽  
Alexis Ribas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
First Report ◽  
Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

scholarly journals Subcutaneous immunization against Leishmania major - infection in mice: efficacy of formalin-killed promastigotes combined with adjuvants

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Mutiso ◽  
John C. Macharia ◽  
Rosemary M. Mutisya ◽  
Evans Taracha
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Efficacious Vaccine ◽  
Subcutaneous Immunization ◽  
Murine Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Formalin-killed promastigotes (FKP) of Leishmania major, in combination with Montanide ISA 720 (MISA), BCG or alum were used in vaccination of an inbred murine model against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Significant and specific increases in anti-FKP IgG responses were detected for both alum-FKP and BCG-FKP compared to MISA-FKP (p < 0.001). Significant increases in splenic lymphocyte recall proliferation was obtained in the MISA-FKP vaccinated mice compared to alum-FKP or BCG-FKP vaccinated groups (p < 0.01). The highest interferon-γ responses were observed in the BCG-FKP group followed by the MISA-FKP while the alum-FKP gave the least responses. Significantly reduced lesion sizes were obtained in the MISA-FKP group compared to the BCG/alum adjuvants-FKP vaccinated groups. Although the BCG-FKP group showed the highest IFN-γ responses, it failed to control cutaneous lesions. Significant reductions in parasite numbers were observed in the MISA-FKP and BCG-FKP vaccinated groups (p < 0.001). There was a good correlation between parasite burden and IFN-γ level indicating IFN-γ response as a sensitive parameter of the immune status. In conclusion, MISA-FKP is the most efficacious vaccine formulation against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis.

scholarly journals Molecular Detection of Leishmania major in Hemiechinus auritus, A Potential Reservoir of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Damghan, Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behrad Pourmohammadi ◽  
Sadegh Mohammadi-Azni
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Leishmania Infection ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Potential Reservoir ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
First Time ◽  
Leishmania Parasites

Background: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major is endemic in 17 of 31 Iranian provinces. Various species of rodents have been introduced as the main reservoirs of the disease. This study was conducted to de­termine the natural infection of hedgehogs with Leishmania spp. in an endemic area of the disease, northern Iran. Methods: Fifteen long-eared hedgehogs were captured alive during 18 months study period, from Apr 2015 to Sep 2016, in Damghan City, Semnan Province, Iran. The animals were identified using apparent characteristics and to de­termine the Leishmania infection, impression smears were prepared from their ear lobes, hind feet, livers, and spleens. Micro­scopic examination and semi-nested PCR were applied to determine the infection and to identify the parasites species respectively. Results: All examined animals were identified as Hemiechinus auritus (Family: Erinaceidae). In microscopic examina­tion, 8 (53.3%) samples were shown to be infected with Leishmania parasites. The higher and lower rate of the infection was observed in the ears as well as the feet and in the liver specimens, 53.3%, and 33.3% respectively. Forty percent (6/ 15) of the samples were molecularly positive and all were identified as L. major parasites. All the examined animals in au­tumn and 50% of them in summer were shown to be infected with Leishmania parasites. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the natural infection of H. auritus with L. major for the first time in Damghan City and introduced these mammals as new potential reservoirs of ZCL in the study area.

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