scholarly journals Prevalence and genotype identification of Toxoplasma gondii in suburban rodents collected at waste disposal sites

Parasite ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Ivovic ◽  
Sandra Potusek ◽  
Elena Buzan

To assess the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in native and commensal rodents as indicators of environmental pollution, we analyzed brain tissue from small mammals collected on legal and illegal waste sites in the Slovenian and Croatian parts of Istria. A total of 136 animals and five species of the family Muridae were analyzed: black rat (Rattus rattus), domestic mouse (Mus musculus), wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus), striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius), and yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis). Using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), T. gondii DNA was detected in four homogenized brain tissue samples (2.94%), from all of the analyzed species, except black rat. Out of these, two samples, domestic mouse (Mus musculus) and wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) had sufficient DNA for genotyping of T. gondii isolates in which we demonstrated the presence of clonal type II using RFLP PCR with four markers (SAG1, SAG2, GRA6 and GRA7). Three of four infected animals (75%) were collected on dumpsites.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy A Giles ◽  
Alex D Greenwood ◽  
Kyriakos Tsangaras ◽  
Paul A Barrow ◽  
Duncan Hannant ◽  
...  

A homologue to a widely used genetic marker, pla, for Yersinia pestis has been identified in tissue samples of two species of rat (Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus) and of mice (Mus musculus and Apodemus sylvaticus) using a microarray based platform to screen for zoonotic pathogens of interest. Samples were from urban locations in the UK (Liverpool) and Canada (Vancouver). The results indicate the presence of an unknown bacterium that shares a homologue with Yersinia pestis.


PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy A. Giles ◽  
Alex D. Greenwood ◽  
Kyriakos Tsangaras ◽  
Tom C. Giles ◽  
Paul A. Barrow ◽  
...  

A homologue to a widely used genetic marker,pla,forYersinia pestishas been identified in tissue samples of two species of rat (Rattus rattusandRattus norvegicus) and of mice (Mus musculusandApodemus sylvaticus) using a microarray based platform to screen for zoonotic pathogens of interest. Samples were from urban locations in the UK (Liverpool) and Canada (Vancouver). The results indicate the presence of an unknown bacterium that shares a homologue for theplagene ofYersinia pestis,so caution should be taken when using this gene as a diagnostic marker.


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy A Giles ◽  
Alex D Greenwood ◽  
Kyriakos Tsangaras ◽  
Paul A Barrow ◽  
Duncan Hannant ◽  
...  

A homologue to a widely used genetic marker, pla, for Yersinia pestis has been identified in tissue samples of two species of rat (Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus) and of mice (Mus musculus and Apodemus sylvaticus) using a microarray based platform to screen for zoonotic pathogens of interest. Samples were from urban locations in the UK (Liverpool) and Canada (Vancouver). The results indicate the presence of an unknown bacterium that shares a homologue with Yersinia pestis.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Bruno Fitte

El objetivo de este trabajo fue integrar conocimientos parasitológicos y socio-ambientales a través del estudio de parásitos y patógenos de roedores urbanos presentes en el Gran La Plata, enfatizando en el estudio de especies de importancia sanitaria humana y animal. Para esto, se identificaron a las especies parásitas y patógenas presentes en las tres especies de roedores urbanos (Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus y Mus musculus), capturados en siete barrios con diferente grado de urbanización y con distintas características ambientales y estructurales. Se analizaron las relaciones entre la prevalencia / abundancia media de los taxones parásitos y patógenos con variables de los hospedadores y del ambiente. Por otro lado, se evaluó la percepción social con respecto a roedores urbanos y patologías asociadas en dos barrios con características estructurales y ambientales contrastantes, y resultados parasitológicos distantes. Paralelamente, en uno de esos barrios, el cual reveló una de las mayores riquezas de parásitos y patógenos, se propuso un programa modelo que consistió en una serie de talleres y actividades con alumnas/os de dos escuelas secundarias, con el fin de proponer acciones que tiendan a mitigar la problemática a través del intercambio de saberes y la generación de estrategias en conjunto para el control y prevención a nivel barrial, considerando las observaciones de la población y los resultados parasitológicos obtenidos. Se analizaron un total de 136 individuos roedores a partir de un esfuerzo de muestreo de 1046 trampas/noche de trampas tipo Sherman; 962 trampas/noche de jaulas; y 788 trampas/noche de trampas de golpe. Se identificaron un total de 16 taxones de parásitos y patógenos, correspondiendo a protozoos (n=3), helmintos (n=10), virus (n=1), bacterias (n=2). Del total de patógenos y parásitos hallados, siete fueron identificados como zoonóticos: Toxoplasma gondii (protozoos); Hymenolepis diminuta, Rodentolepis nana y Strobilocercus fasciolaris (helmintos); Hantavirus Seoul (virus); Leptospira borgpetersenii y Leptospira interrogans (bacterias). A su vez, se registró el protozoo enzoótico Neospora caninum. Se aportaron detalles morfológicos y biométricos en las especies de helmintos. Hantavirus Seoul en el hospedador R. rattus representa el primer registro en Argentina. Además, T. gondii y el protozoo enzoótico N. caninum corresponden a los primeros registros en roedores en Argentina, Todos los demás hallazgos de parásitos y patógenos (incluidos los no zoonóticos), corresponden a nuevos registros para el área del Gran La Plata. Se evaluaron diferentes factores del hospedador y del ambiente para explicar la composición y abundancia del ensamble parasitario en cada individuo hospedador, resultando la especie hospedadora el único estadísticamente significativo. Así, se comprobó que los ensambles de parásitos y patógenos son similares entre las especies de Rattus spp., pero que difieren del observado en M. musculus. Para cada especie hospedadora se analizaron en forma separada las prevalencias y abundancias de cada taxón parásito resultando estadísticamente significativa las siguientes asociaciones: la prevalencia y abundancia de S. fasciolaris y la prevalencia de N. brasiliensis en R. norvegicus fueron mayores en la estación fría; mientras que la presencia de arroyo en el barrio explicó la prevalencia de N. brasiliensis en R. rattus y S. ratti en R. norvegicus. Por otro lado, el estudio sobre percepción social reflejó una preocupación común en relación al rol que juegan los roedores urbanos como reservorios y trasmisores de enfermedades zoonóticas. Las patologías mencionadas con más frecuencia por la población estudiada fueron el Hantavirus, la rabia, y la Leptospirosis. Además, a partir de las respuestas obtenidas se pudo concluir en que en los barrios periféricos la presencia de roedores urbanos dentro de los hogares y en el barrio en general es mayor que en el Casco urbano de La Plata. También, a partir del programa planteado en las escuelas secundarias, se comprobó que las/os alumnos reconocían la existencia de roedores en el barrio y hogares, pero un alto porcentaje no conocía acerca de su implicancia sanitaria. Esto cambió hacia el final del programa, cuando las/os alumnas/os fueron capaces de identificar diferentes patologías asociadas a los roedores, y plantear alternativas y medidas de posible aplicación a nivel barrial para el control de roedores urbanos. Así, se resalta la importancia de focalizar esfuerzos que permitan promover acciones comunitarias, principalmente en estas áreas marginales presentes en toda Latinoamérica, las cuales en su mayoría no están nunca incluidas en proyectos de urbanización formal.


2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
Stephen Kearney ◽  

A single Eastern Grass Owl Tyto longimembris was observed in Bundjalung National Park, New South Wales, in September 2019. Pellets (n = 17) collected from its roost contained the remains of House Mouse Mus musculus, Grassland Melomys Melomys burtoni, Black Rat Rattus rattus, Swamp Rat R. lutreolus, Fawn-footed Melomys Melomys cervinipes, Common Planigale Planigale maculata, Eastern Blossom Bat Syconycteris australis and honeyeater Phylidonyris sp. The most interesting findings were the Eastern Blossom Bat (the first published record of a bat in the diet of an Eastern Grass Owl in Australia) and that one of the Grassland Melomys specimens had pink bones.


Author(s):  
Vithushiya Yoganandarajah ◽  
Josie Patel ◽  
Bede van Schaijik ◽  
Nicholas Bockett ◽  
Helen D. Brasch ◽  
...  

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in many cancer types. This study identified and characterized CSCs in head and neck metastatic malignant melanoma (HNmMM) to regional lymph nodes using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) markers. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining performed on 20 HNmMM tissue samples demonstrated expression of iPSC markers OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC in all samples while NANOG was expressed at low levels in two samples. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining demonstrated an OCT4+/SOX2+/KLF4+/c-MYC+ CSC subpopulation within the tumor nests (TNs) and another within the peritumoral stroma (PTS) of HNmMM tissues. IF also showed expression of NANOG by some OCT4+/SOX2+/KLF4+/c-MYC+ cells within the TNs in an HNmMM tissue sample that expressed NANOG on IHC staining. In situ hybridization (n=6) and reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (n=5) on the HNmMM samples confirmed expression of all five iPSC markers. Western blotting of four primary cell lines derived from four of the 20 HNmMM tissue samples showed expression of SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC but not OCT4 and NANOG, and three of these cell lines formed tumorspheres in vitro. We demonstrate the presence of two putative CSC subpopulations within HNmMM, which may be a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of this aggressive cancer.


2019 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Panti-May ◽  
E.E. Palomo-Arjona ◽  
Y.M. Gurubel-González ◽  
R.C. Barrientos-Medina ◽  
M.C. Digiani ◽  
...  

Abstract The black rat Rattus rattus and the house mouse Mus musculus are two commensal rodent species that harbour and shed zoonotic pathogens, including helminths. The aim of this survey was to study the helminth community and the patterns of infections in R. rattus and M. musculus from two Mayan communities in Mexico. Gastrointestinal helminths were isolated from 322 M. musculus and 124 R. rattus, including Gongylonema neoplasticum, Hassalstrongylus aduncus, Hassalstrongylus musculi, Hydatigera taeniaeformis metacestode, Hymenolepis diminuta, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Oligacanthorhynchidae gen. sp., Syphacia muris, Syphacia obvelata, Rodentolepis microstoma and Trichuris muris. The overall richness of helminths was seven in R. rattus and six in M. musculus. The results of generalized linear models showed that juvenile rodents had lower probabilities of being infected with G. neoplasticum, H. taeniaeformis and H. musculi than adult rodents. A positive association between the prevalence of S. muris and rat abundance was found. The intensity of infection with S. muris was higher in the rainy season than in the dry season; the opposite result was found for H. musculi infection. Male R. rattus harboured more S. muris specimens. The intensity of infection with T. muris was inversely associated with mouse abundance. The presence of the zoonotic H. diminuta, as well as H. taeniaeformis and R. microstoma in rodent populations indicates that there is risk of transmission, and that their entire life cycle occurs in the study area.


2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Feliu ◽  
Mercedes López ◽  
María Gómez ◽  
Jordi Torres ◽  
Santiago Sánchez ◽  
...  

AbstractThe parasite fauna (protozoa, helminths and insects) of the two most widespread Murinae rodents in El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain), the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) was studied. Faunistic, ecological, ecotoxicological data, as well as information on the biology of some nematode parasites of R. rattus are provided. The present work is unprecedented in the Canary Islands, and provides the first data on the parasite biodiversity in Murinae from the archipelago. Concerning to parasitofaunas stands out: a) impoverishment of biodiversity of helminths respect of which have the same hosts in other islands; b) increasing the number of species of Siphonaptera, even compared with flea species that parasitize the same hosts from continental biotopes.


Parasitology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. OWEN ◽  
A. J. TREES

Captive-bred Mus musculus (house mice) and Apodemus sylvaticus (field mice) were each infected with 50 oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii M1 strain per os and infection in them and their offspring was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the T. gondii B1 gene in brain tissue and by serology, using the modified agglutination test (MAT). The chronically infected female A. sylvaticus (n=10) and M. musculus (n=23) were mated at least 6 weeks after infection (and subsequently to produce up to 6 litters) and their pups examined 3 weeks after weaning at 6 weeks of age. By PCR, in offspring of A. sylvaticus and M. musculus respectively, vertical transmission was demonstrated in 82·7% (n=83) and 85·0% (n=207) of all pups (N.S., P>0·05), 95% (n=21) and 100% (n=30) of all litters (N.S., P>0·05), with a mean (±S.E.) proportion of each litter infected of 0·87 (0·06) and 0·86 (0·04) (N.S., P>0·05). There was no change in any of these variables between first and subsequent litters. By serology, whilst MAT suggested 100% vertical transmission in A. sylvaticus, it under-estimated rates of infection in offspring of M. musculus. A limited series of bioassays from M. musculus tissues confirmed the good correlation of PCR and the poor correlation of MAT with mouse inoculation. These results indicate that vertical transmission in A. sylvaticus and M. musculus is extremely efficient and probably endures for the life of the breeding female. This mechanism favours parasite transmission and dispersion by providing a potential reservoir of infection in hosts predated by the cat.


Author(s):  
Tom J. Little ◽  
Aine N. O’Toole ◽  
Andrew Rambaut ◽  
Tamir Chandra ◽  
Riccardo Marioni ◽  
...  

AbstractThe age structure of populations, or the ageing rate of individuals, impacts aspects of ecology, epidemiology and conservation. Yet for many wild organisms, age is an inaccessible trait. In many cases measuring age or ageing rates in the wild requires molecular biomarkers of age. Epigenetic clocks based on DNA methylation have been shown to accurately estimate the age of humans and laboratory mice, but they also show variable ticking rates that are associated with mortality risk above and beyond that predicted by chronological age. Thus, epigenetic clocks are proving to be useful markers of both chronological and biological age, and they are beginning to be applied to wild mammals and birds. We have acquired strong evidence that an accurate clock is possible for the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus by adapting epigenetic information from the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus). Apodemus sylvaticus is a well-studied, common small mammal in the UK and Europe, which is amenable to large-scale experimental perturbations and longitudinal sampling of individuals across their lives. These features of the wood mouse system offer opportunities to disentangle causal relationships between ageing rates and environmental stress. Our wood mouse epigenetic clock is PCR-based, and so requires only tiny amounts of tissue accessible through non-destructive sampling. We quantified methylation using Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology and present a new bioinformatics pipeline for data analysis. We thus describe a new and generalizable system that should enable ecologists and other field biologists to go from small tissue samples to an epigenetic clock for their study animal, which will enable investigations of ageing in the wild which where previously inaccessible.


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