Colonic diverticula are herniations of mucosa through the bowel musculature. They are seen most often in the sigmoid and descending colon, with a prevalence of up to 65% in people over the age of 80 in European populations. They are uncommon in African and Asian countries, where the prevalence is only 0.2%. A lifelong diet deficient in dietary fibre is associated with their development, but it is not known why some diverticula become symptomatic. Diverticula are usually discovered incidentally, but symptoms which are attributable to diverticular disease include colicky abdominal pain and bloating, often accompanied by a change in bowel habit with the passage of broken, pellety stools after considerable straining. All patients with such presentation should be investigated to exclude rectal or sigmoid carcinoma. Treatment is with reassurance that there is no serious underlying disease, a high-fibre diet, and—for patients with pain—antispasmodics such as mebeverine. Elective resection may be indicated in the few patients who have repeated severe attacks. Complications of diverticular disease include diverticulitis, pericolic abscess formation, peritonitis, intestinal obstruction, haemorrhage, and fistula formation. Acute diverticulitis typically presents with pain and tenderness over the left lower abdomen, and the patient may have pyrexia, malaise, anorexia, and nausea. Treatment is with rest, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and analgesia. Resection of the sigmoid colon may be necessary if symptoms fail to resolve or recur, or for patients with complications (peritonitis, fistula, obstruction). Overall, percutaneous drainage, antibiotic treatment, and expectant policies have reduced the need for both acute and elective surgical treatment.
Current Options for the Emergency Management of Diverticular Disease and Options to Reduce the Need for Colostomy
