The Effect of Progesterone on the Haemostatic Mechanism

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (01) ◽  
pp. 105-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Blombäck ◽  
B-M Landgren ◽  
Y Stiernholm ◽  
O Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Hemostatic Effect ◽  
Progesterone Treatment ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Slight Rise

SummaryThe hemostatic effect of progesterone administered vaginally at a dose of 100 mg twice a day throughout one menstrual cycle was investigated and compared with the coagulation factors in one untreated normal menstrual cycle in 15 women. The progesterone treatment resulted in a 20-fold progesterone rise in the early follicular phase from 1.2 nmol/1 in the pretreatment control cycle to levels between 26 and 29 nmol/1 during treatment. Ovulation was completely suppressed in seven women while eight women showed a slight rise in progesterone on treatment days 20 to 25 not compatible with the rise which could have been expected if ovulation had occurred. The effects found on haemostasis during progesterone treatment varied with the menstrual cycle and were so small that they could as well be due to chance and not to treatment.

THE SEQUENCE OF PITUITARY RESPONSES TO SYNTHETIC LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE (LH-RH) THROUGHOUT THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1975 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwyn M. Grimes ◽  
Irwin E. Thompson ◽  
Melvin L. Taymor
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone ◽  
Late Luteal Phase ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Rh ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

ABSTRACT Thirty-one ovulatory women between 20 and 33 years of age were given 150 μg of synthetic LH-RH during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Five patients were studied during the early follicular phase (days 4–7); 10 patients during the late follicular phase (days 9–12); 6 patients during the "LH Surge"; 5 patients during the early luteal phase (days 14–16); 3 patients during mid-luteal phase (days 17–21); and 2 patients during late luteal phase (days 22–27). Oestrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH levels were determined from 30 min prior to LH-RH administration to 90 min thereafter in all cases. LH response to LH-RH increased progressively during the follicular phase. Enhanced pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH occurred at mid-cycle for both LH and FSH and maximum LH responses occurred during the "LH Surge" and early luteal phase. LH responses during the mid and late luteal phases were similar to late follicular phase responses. There were no significant differences between FSH responses during the early follicular, late follicular, mid-luteal and late luteal phases. Maximum pituitary responsiveness appears to occur in a gonadal steroid milieu of high oestrogen levels in association with rising but low progesterone levels. Progesterone or a crucial oestrogen: progesterone ratio may in fact potentiate pituitary release of LH during the early stages of corpus luteum formation. Pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH correlates positively with basal LH and oestrogen levels during the menstrual cycle and with the oestrogen:progesterone ratio during the luteal phase.

Haemostatic variables during normal menstrual cycle

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (01) ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramses F. J. Kemperman ◽  
Hanneke C. Kluin-Nelemans ◽  
André B. Mulder ◽  
Karina Meijer ◽  
H. Knol
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
D Dimer

SummaryFor a number of haemostatic factors menstrual cycle variation has been studied. Such variation could have clinical implications for the timing of haemostatic testing in women. It was our objective to systematically review the literature about evidence for timing of haemostatic testing during menstrual cycle.We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane library to identify studies that measured haemostatic variables [platelet function, von Willebrand factor (VWF), factor VIII (FVIII), factor IX (FIX), factor XI (FXI), factor XIII (FXIII), D-dimer, plasminogen activator inhibitor-I (PAI-I), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), α2-antiplasmin and fibrinogen] during normal menstrual cycle without hormonal contraceptives. Two investigators independently selected studies, and abstracted data in duplicate. We identified 1,046 studies of which we included 30 studies (25 longitudinal and 5 cross-sectional studies). All studies reported on haemostatic variables during menstrual cycle. Overall, most of the studies found no cyclic variation in VWF, FVIII, FXI, FXIII, fibrinolytic factors (PAI, t-PA, uPA, D-dimer and α2-antiplasmin) and fibrinogen. However, in studies where these variables showed any variation, they reached the lowest levels during menstrual and early follicular phase, especially for VWF, FVIII and platelet function tests. In conclusion, the optimal timing for haemostatic testing during menstrual cycle seems to be menstrual and early follicular phase.

Cortisol, 17α-OH-progesterone and androgen responses to a standardized ACTH-stimulation in different stages of the normal menstrual cycle

1982 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kruyt ◽  
R. Rolland
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Acth Stimulation Test ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Three Stages

Abstract. The release of cortisol, 17α-OH-progesterone, androstenedione and testosterone during a standardized ACTH-stimulation test was investigated in three different stages of the normal menstrual cycle, to conclude if there is any stage dependency on the release of these hormones. No statistically significant differences were observed between the three stages concerning cortisol and testosterone increase. The increase of androstenedione in the pre-ovulatory stage was significantly higher than that seen during the early follicular phase of the cycle. The increase of 17α-OH-progesterone in the luteal phase was significantly less than that of both the early and late follicular stages of the cycle. Progesterone levels showed a small, but significant increase after ACTH-stimulation, in both the early and late stage of the follicular phase. However, the levels remained within the normal range of the follicular phase. In the luteal phase no increase was seen after ACTH-stimulation. Oestradtiol-17β levels did not change at all after ACTH-stimulation. The stage dependency of androstenedione and 17α-OH-progesterone is discussed. The described stage-dependency different increase of 17α-OH-progesterone release can be of importance when the results of ACTH-tests are evaluated to detect carriers of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Changes in hormonal concentrations after different heavy-resistance exercise protocols in women

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 594-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Kraemer ◽  
S. J. Fleck ◽  
J. E. Dziados ◽  
E. A. Harman ◽  
L. J. Marchitelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
In Series ◽  
Heavy Resistance Exercise ◽  
Blood Variables

Nine eumenorrheic women (age 24.11 +/- 4.28 yr) performed each of six randomly assigned heavy-resistance protocols (HREPs) on separate days during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The HREPs consisted of two series [series 1 (strength, S) and series 2 (hypertrophy, H)] of three protocols, each using identically ordered exercises controlled for load [5 vs. 10 repetitions maximum (RM)], rest period length (1 vs. 3 min), and total work (J) within each three-protocol series. Blood measures were determined pre-, mid- (after 4 of 8 exercises), and postexercise (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 min and 24 and 48 h). In series 1, a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in growth hormone (GH) was observed at 90 min postexercise for all three protocols. In series 2, the 10-RM protocol with 1-min rest periods (H10/1) produced significant increases above rest in GH concentrations at 0, 5, and 15 min postexercise, and the H10/1 and H5/1 protocols demonstrated significant reductions at 90 and 120 min postexercise. Cortisol demonstrated significant increases in response to the S10/3 protocol at 0 min, to the H10/1 protocol at midexercise and at 0 and 5 min postexercise, and to the H5/1 protocol at 5 and 15 min postexercise. No significant changes were observed in total insulin-like growth factor I, total testosterone, urea, or creatinine for any of the HREPs. Significant elevations in whole blood lactate and ammonia along with significant reductions in blood glucose were observed. Hormonal and metabolic blood variables measured in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle varied in response to different HREPs. The most dramatic increases above resting concentrations were observed with the H10/1 protocol, indicating that the more glycolytic HREPs may stimulate greater GH and cortisol increases.

scholarly journals Sex Differences and Menstrual Cycle Phase-Dependent Modulation of Craving for Cigarette: An fMRI Pilot Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianna Mendrek ◽  
Laurence Dinh-Williams ◽  
Josiane Bourque ◽  
Stéphane Potvin
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Hormonal Fluctuations ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
The Right

While overall more men than women smoke cigarettes, women and girls take less time to become dependent after initial use and have more difficulties quitting the habit. One of the factors contributing to these differences may be that women crave cigarettes more than men and that their desire to smoke is influenced by hormonal fluctuations across the menstrual cycle. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine potential sex/gender differences in functional neuroanatomy of craving and to (b) delineate neural correlates of cigarette cravings in women across their menstrual cycle. Fifteen tobacco-smoking men and 19 women underwent a functional MRI during presentation of neutral and smoking-related images, known to elicit craving. Women were tested twice: once during early follicular phase and once during midluteal phase of their menstrual cycle. The analysis did not reveal any significant sex differences in the cerebral activations associated with craving. Nevertheless, the pattern of activations in women varied across their menstrual cycle with significant activations in parts of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobe, during follicular phase, and only limited activations in the right hippocampus during the luteal phase.

scholarly journals Variation in the Renin Angiotensin System throughout the Normal Menstrual Cycle

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 446-452
Author(s):  
Mala Chidambaram ◽  
John A. Duncan ◽  
Vesta S. Lai ◽  
Daniel C. Cattran ◽  
John S. Floras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Lower Body Negative Pressure ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Systemic Hemodynamic ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

ABSTRACT. It has been demonstrated elsewhere that circulating renin angiotensin system (RAS) components peak when plasma estrogen levels are highest, during the luteal phase of the normal menstrual cycle. This phenomenon has been attributed to “activation” of the RAS. The end-organ vasoconstrictive response to this phenomenon has not been well established. In two related experiments, the RAS was studied in healthy, premenopausal women during predefined phases of the normal menstrual cycle. In the first experiment, the circulating components of the RAS and the systemic hemodynamic response to incremental lower body negative pressure (LBNP) during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle were examined. Response variables included mean arterial pressure (MAP), renin, plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (AngII), and aldosterone. Baseline levels of renin, PRA, and aldosterone were significantly higher in the luteal phase. In response to LBNP, there were significant increases in all variables in both phases; however, the humoral response to this stimulus was significantly augmented in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase. Despite these elevations in circulating components of the RAS during the luteal phase, subjects were unable to maintain MAP in response to LBNP, exhibiting a dramatic depressor response that did not occur during the follicular phase. In the second experiment, renal and peripheral hemodynamic function at baseline, and in response to AngII blockade with losartan, were examined in women during these high and low estrogen phases of the menstrual cycle. The renal and peripheral hemodynamic responses were similar in the luteal phase and the follicular phase. These results demonstrate that, despite an increase in circulating RAS components during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, the system is blunted rather than “activated,” at least at a tissue level. Further studies are needed to clarify this mechanism.

Normal Menstrual Cycle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Pierson ◽  
Kelly Pagidas
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

A normal menstrual cycle is the end result of a sequence of purposeful and coordinated events that occur from intact hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian and uterine axes. The menstrual cycle is under hormonal control in the reproductively active female and is functionally divided into two phases: the proliferative or follicular phase and the secretory or luteal phase. This tight hormonal control is orchestrated by a series of negative and positive endocrine feedback loops that alter the frequency of the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the pituitary response to GnRH, and the relative secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gonadotrope with subsequent direct effects on the ovary to produce a series of sex steroids and peptides that aid in the generation of a single mature oocyte and the preparation of a receptive endometrium for implantation to ensue. Any derailment along this programmed pathway can lead to an abnormal menstrual cycle with subsequent impact on the ability to conceive and maintain a pregnancy. This review contains 7 figures and 26 references Key words: follicle-stimulating hormone, follicular phase, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteal phase, luteinizing hormone, menstrual cycle, ovulation, progesterone, proliferative phase, secretory phase

Influence of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury on Endothelial Function in Men and Women with Similar Serum Estradiol Concentrations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Lalande ◽  
Holden W. Hemingway ◽  
Caitlin P. Jarrard ◽  
Amy M. Moore ◽  
Albert H. Olivencia-Yurvati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Circulatory Arrest ◽  
Duplex Ultrasound ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Serum Estradiol ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Artery Flow

Prior data suggest that relative to the early follicular phase, women in the late follicular phase are protected against endothelial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury when estradiol concentrations are highest. In addition, endothelial I/R injury is consistently observed in men with naturally low endogenous estradiol concentrations that are similar to women in the early follicular phase. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if the vasodeleterious effect of I/R injury differs between women in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and age-matched men. We tested the hypothesis that I/R injury would attenuate endothelium-dependent vasodilation to the same extent in women and age-matched men with similar circulating estradiol concentrations. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was assessed via brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (duplex ultrasound) in young healthy men (N = 22) and women (N = 12) before (pre-I/R) and immediately after I/R injury (post-I/R), which was induced via 20 min of arm circulatory arrest followed by 20 min reperfusion. Serum estradiol concentrations did not differ between sexes (men, 115.0 ± 33.9 pg ml-1 vs. women, 90.5 ± 40.8 pg ml-1; P = 0.2). The magnitude by which I/R injury attenuated endothelium-dependent vasodilation did not differ between men (pre-I/R, 5.4 ± 2.4 % vs. post-I/R 3.0 ± 2.7 %;) and women (pre-I/R, 6.1 ± 2.8 % vs. post-I/R 3.7 ± 2.7 %; P = 0.9). Our data demonstrate that I/R injury similarly reduces endothelial function in women in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and age-matched men with similar estradiol concentrations.

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