Early Follicular Phase of the Menstrual Cycle May Be Associated With More Post-Exercise Hyperglycemia in Female Participants With Type 1 Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. S16
Author(s):  
Zeinab Momeni ◽  
Jane Yardley
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Early Follicular Phase

Abstract P139: Insulin Resistance in Premenopausal Women with Type 1 Diabetes is Explained by Abdominal Obesity, Physical Inactivity and Altered Sex Hormones

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey M Duca ◽  
Rachel M Sippl ◽  
Janet K Snell-Bergeon
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Diabetes Status ◽  
Early Follicular Phase

Women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) lose the premenopausal protection from cardiovascular disease (CVD) that non-diabetic (non-DM) women have compared to men, and are also more insulin resistant than non-DM women. Standard CVD risk factors have not been found to adequately predict CVD in the T1D population, but insulin resistance is emerging as a potentially important risk factor. The aim of this study was to determine whether sex hormone levels such as estradiol (E2), total testosterone (TT), and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) explained any of the decreased insulin sensitivity in women with T1D, which could be important in CVD prevention. This study included 25 premenopausal women 18-45 years of age with a mean ± SD age of 33 ± 8 years who completed a three stage (4, 8 and 40 mU/m2/min) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (T1D n=12 and non-DM n=13). A steady state was achieved during the last 30 minutes of the high insulin infusion stage and mean glucose infusion rate (GIR [mg/kg/FFM/min]) during this time was used as an estimate of the skeletal muscle glucose disposal rate. Sex hormones were compared using unpaired Student t tests between T1D and non-DM participants during each phase of the menstrual cycle and during the morning of the clamp.. Significant differences were explored in multivariable linear regression in which stepwise model selection was used to determine the final model adjusting for age and diabetes status. In age-adjusted analysis, women with T1D were less than half as insulin sensitive as non-DM women (least squares mean ± SE: 7.5±2.2 vs. 19.0±2.1, respectively, p=0.0014). SHBG was significantly higher in the T1D than the non-DM subjects the morning of the clamp (p<0.0001) and during each phase of the menstrual cycle (p = 0.01). TT was significantly higher in T1D women during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (p=0.02) and was negatively correlated with GIR (r = -0.54, p = 0.04). E2 during the early follicular phase was positively correlated with GIR (r = 0.83, p = 0.01). In multivariable analysis, the difference in the GIR was attenuated by 58%(1-(5.1/12.14)) (least squares mean ± SE: 10.9 ± 1.7 in T1D vs. 16.0 ± 1.5 in non-DM, p = 0.07) after adjusting for age, diabetes status, minutes of vigorous activity, average waist circumference, free estradiol index and testosterone during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle In conclusion, the decreased insulin sensitivity observed in premenopausal T1D women with regular menstrual cycles can be mostly explained by lower levels of physical activity, greater central adiposity and differences in sex hormone levels. Most of these factors are modifiable, and so could be important targets in the reduction of CVD.

scholarly journals Ferritin status impact on hepcidin response to endurance exercise in physically active women along different phases of the menstrual cycle

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
VM Alfaro Magallanes ◽  
L Barba Moreno ◽  
AB Peinado
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Menstrual Cycle Phase ◽  
Sexual Hormones ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Response To Exercise

Serum ferritin has been proposed as a predictor of hepcidin concentrations in response to exercise. However, this fact has not been studied in physically-active women. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to analyse the hepcidin response at different ferritin status before and after running exercise in physically active females. Fifteen eumenorrheic women performed a 40-min running protocol at 75% of VO2peak speed in different menstrual cycle phases (early-follicular phase, mid-follicular phase and luteal phase). Blood samples were collected pre-exercise, 0h post-exercise and 3h post-exercise. For statistics, participants were divided into two groups according to their pre-exercise ferritin levels (<20 and ≥20 μg/L). Through menstrual cycle, hepcidin was lower in both early follicular phase (p=0.024; 64.81±22.48 ng/ml) and mid-follicular phase (p=0.007; 64.68±23.91 ng/ml) for <20 μg/L ferritin group, in comparison with ≥20 μg/L group (81.17±27.89 and 79.54±22.72 ng/ml, respectively). Hepcidin showed no differences between both ferritin groups in either pre-exercise, 0h post-exercise and 3h post-exercise. Additionally, no association between pre-exercise ferritin and hepcidin levels 3h post-exercise (r=-0.091; p=0.554) was found. Menstrual cycle phase appears to influence hepcidin levels depending on ferritin reserves. In particular, physically-active females with depleted ferritin reserves seems to present lower hepcidin levels during the early-follicular phase and mid-follicular phase. However, no association between ferritin and hepcidin levels was found in this study. Hence, ferritin levels alone may not be a good predictor of hepcidin response to exercise in this population. Multiple factors such as sexual hormones, training loads and menstrual bleeding must be taken into account.

Changes in hormonal concentrations after different heavy-resistance exercise protocols in women

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 594-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Kraemer ◽  
S. J. Fleck ◽  
J. E. Dziados ◽  
E. A. Harman ◽  
L. J. Marchitelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Factor I ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
In Series ◽  
Heavy Resistance Exercise ◽  
Blood Variables

Nine eumenorrheic women (age 24.11 +/- 4.28 yr) performed each of six randomly assigned heavy-resistance protocols (HREPs) on separate days during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. The HREPs consisted of two series [series 1 (strength, S) and series 2 (hypertrophy, H)] of three protocols, each using identically ordered exercises controlled for load [5 vs. 10 repetitions maximum (RM)], rest period length (1 vs. 3 min), and total work (J) within each three-protocol series. Blood measures were determined pre-, mid- (after 4 of 8 exercises), and postexercise (0, 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 min and 24 and 48 h). In series 1, a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in growth hormone (GH) was observed at 90 min postexercise for all three protocols. In series 2, the 10-RM protocol with 1-min rest periods (H10/1) produced significant increases above rest in GH concentrations at 0, 5, and 15 min postexercise, and the H10/1 and H5/1 protocols demonstrated significant reductions at 90 and 120 min postexercise. Cortisol demonstrated significant increases in response to the S10/3 protocol at 0 min, to the H10/1 protocol at midexercise and at 0 and 5 min postexercise, and to the H5/1 protocol at 5 and 15 min postexercise. No significant changes were observed in total insulin-like growth factor I, total testosterone, urea, or creatinine for any of the HREPs. Significant elevations in whole blood lactate and ammonia along with significant reductions in blood glucose were observed. Hormonal and metabolic blood variables measured in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle varied in response to different HREPs. The most dramatic increases above resting concentrations were observed with the H10/1 protocol, indicating that the more glycolytic HREPs may stimulate greater GH and cortisol increases.

Alterations in Skeletal Muscle Repair in Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athan G. Dial ◽  
Grace K. Grafham ◽  
Cynthia MF. Monaco ◽  
Jennifer Voth ◽  
Linda Brandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Gene Networks ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Ultrastructural Damage ◽  
The Impact

Though preclinical models of type 1 diabetes (T1D) exhibit impaired muscle regeneration, this has yet to be investigated in humans with T1D. Here we investigated the impact of damaging exercise (eccentric quadriceps contractions) in eighteen physically-active young adults with and without T1D. Pre- and post-exercise (48h and 96h), participants provided blood samples, vastus lateralis biopsies and performed maximal voluntary quadriceps contractions (MVC). Skeletal muscle sarcolemmal integrity, extracellular matrix content (ECM), and satellite cell (SC) content/proliferation were assessed by immunofluorescence. Transmission electron microscopy was used to quantify ultrastructural damage. MVC was comparable between T1D and controls before exercise. Post-exercise, MVC was decreased in both groups, but T1D subjects exhibited moderately lower strength recovery at both 48h and 96h. Serum creatine kinase, an indicator of muscle damage, was moderately higher in T1D participants at rest, and exhibited a small elevation 96h post-exercise. T1D participants showed lower SC content at all timepoints and demonstrated a moderate delay in SC proliferation after exercise. A greater number of myofibers exhibited sarcolemmal damage (disrupted dystrophin) and increased ECM (laminin) content in participants with T1D despite no differences between groups in ultrastructural damage as assessed by electron microscopy. Finally, transcriptomic analyses revealed dysregulated gene networks involving RNA translation and mitochondrial respiration, providing potential explanations for previous observations of mitochondrial dysfunction in similar T1D cohorts. Our findings indicate that skeletal muscle in young adults with moderately-controlled T1D is altered after damaging exercise; suggesting that longer recovery times following intense exercise may be necessary.

C-Reactive protein and insulin growth factor 1 serum levels during the menstrual cycle in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Codner ◽  
P. M. Merino ◽  
D. Martínez ◽  
P. Lopez ◽  
C. Godoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Insulin Growth Factor ◽  
Reactive Protein

scholarly journals Sex Differences and Menstrual Cycle Phase-Dependent Modulation of Craving for Cigarette: An fMRI Pilot Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianna Mendrek ◽  
Laurence Dinh-Williams ◽  
Josiane Bourque ◽  
Stéphane Potvin
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Hormonal Fluctuations ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
The Right

While overall more men than women smoke cigarettes, women and girls take less time to become dependent after initial use and have more difficulties quitting the habit. One of the factors contributing to these differences may be that women crave cigarettes more than men and that their desire to smoke is influenced by hormonal fluctuations across the menstrual cycle. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine potential sex/gender differences in functional neuroanatomy of craving and to (b) delineate neural correlates of cigarette cravings in women across their menstrual cycle. Fifteen tobacco-smoking men and 19 women underwent a functional MRI during presentation of neutral and smoking-related images, known to elicit craving. Women were tested twice: once during early follicular phase and once during midluteal phase of their menstrual cycle. The analysis did not reveal any significant sex differences in the cerebral activations associated with craving. Nevertheless, the pattern of activations in women varied across their menstrual cycle with significant activations in parts of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobe, during follicular phase, and only limited activations in the right hippocampus during the luteal phase.

scholarly journals Asymptomatic ST-depression during exercise testing in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and autonomic dysfunction

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Dmitry Nikitich Laptev ◽  
Tamara Leonidovna Kuraeva ◽  
Galina Vladimirovna Ryabykina ◽  
Sergey Dmitrievich Polyakov ◽  
Irina Timofeevna Korneeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Autonomic Function ◽  
Cardiac Autonomic Function ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
St Segment ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality

Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate cardiac autonomic function as assessed by ST dynamics during and post-exercise in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Materials and methods. The study included 71 young patients with T1DM. The patients were aged 9?18 years and had no history of macrovascular disease or renal disease, including microalbuminuria. Cardiac autonomic function was assessed using cardiovascular tests and 24-h ECG monitoring with automatic calculation of QT interval and heart rate variability parameters. Each patient underwent the physical working capacity 170 test. Results. The prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) was 30.9%. The frequency of asymptomatic ST-segment depression increased during exercise in 10 (45.5%) patients with CAN (CAN+) compared with 9 (18.4%) patients without CAN (CAN-; p=0.042). During the recovery period, asymptomatic ST-segment depression was present in the first minute in 8 (36.4%) CAN+ patients compared with 1 (2%) CAN- patient (p=0.0003) and in the second minute in 5 (22.7%) CAN+ patients compared with 1 (2%) CAN- patient (p=0.0095). Conclusion. Children and adolescents with T1DM and impaired autonomic function have increased prevalence of asymptomatic ST-segment depression during and post-exercise. The presence of cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents with T1DM and CAN may contribute to the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality during adulthood in patients with T1DM.

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