The Relation Between Power Output, Oxygen Uptake and Heart Rate in Male Athletes

Purpose: Road cycling is a sport with extreme physiological demands. Therefore, there is a need to find new strategies to improve performance. Heart-rate variability (HRV) has been suggested as an effective alternative for prescribing training load against predefined training programs. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of training prescription based on HRV in road cycling performance. Methods: Seventeen well-trained cyclists participated in this study. After an initial evaluation week, cyclists performed 4 baseline weeks of standardized training to establish their resting HRV. Then, cyclists were divided into 2 groups, an HRV-guided group and a traditional periodization group, and they carried out 8 training weeks. Cyclists performed 2 evaluation weeks, after and before a training week. During the evaluation weeks, cyclists performed a graded exercise test to assess maximal oxygen uptake, peak power output, and ventilatory thresholds with their corresponding power output (VT1, VT2, WVT1, and WVT2, respectively) and a 40-min simulated time trial. Results: The HRV-guided group improved peak power output (5.1% [4.5%]; P = .024), WVT2 (13.9% [8.8%]; P = .004), and 40-min all-out time trial (7.3% [4.5%]; P = .005). Maximal oxygen uptake and WVT1 remained similar. The traditional periodization group did not improve significantly after the training week. There were no differences between groups. However, magnitude-based inference analysis showed likely beneficial and possibly beneficial effects for the HRV-guided group instead of the traditional periodization group in 40-min all-out time trial and peak power output, respectively. Conclusion: Daily training prescription based on HRV could result in a better performance enhancement than a traditional periodization in well-trained cyclists.

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Ratings of Perceived Exertion, Heart Rate, and Power Output in Predicting Maximal Oxygen Uptake During Submaximal Cycle Ergometry

The Physician and Sportsmedicine ◽

10.1080/00913847.1986.11709015 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 133-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jack H. Wilmore ◽

Fred B. Roby ◽

Philip R. Stanforth ◽

Michael J. Buono ◽

Stefan H. Constable ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Power Output ◽

Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Cycle Ergometry ◽

Ratings Of Perceived Exertion

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Warming Up Before a 20-Minute Endurance Effort: Is It Really Worth It?

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2019-0554 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 964-970

Author(s):

David Barranco-Gil ◽

Lidia B. Alejo ◽

Pedro L. Valenzuela ◽

Jaime Gil-Cabrera ◽

Almudena Montalvo-Pérez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Power Output ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Time Trial ◽

Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Mean Power ◽

Warm Up

Purpose: To analyze the effects of different warm-up protocols on endurance-cycling performance from an integrative perspective (by assessing perceptual, neuromuscular, physiological, and metabolic variables). Methods: Following a randomized crossover design, 15 male cyclists (35 [9] y; peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] 66.4 [6.8] mL·kg−1·min−1) performed a 20-minute cycling time trial (TT) preceded by no warm-up, a standard warm-up (10 min at 60% of VO2peak), or a warm-up that was intended to induce potentiation postactivation (PAP warm-up; 5 min at 60% of VO2peak followed by three 10-s all-out sprints). Study outcomes were jumping ability and heart-rate variability (both assessed at baseline and before the TT), TT performance (mean power output), and perceptual (rating of perceived exertion) and physiological (oxygen uptake, muscle oxygenation, heart-rate variability, blood lactate, and thigh skin temperature) responses during and after the TT. Results: Both standard and PAP warm-up (9.7% [4.7%] and 12.9% [6.5%], respectively, P < .001), but not no warm-up (−0.9% [4.8%], P = .074), increased jumping ability and decreased heart-rate variability (−7.9% [14.2%], P = .027; −20.3% [24.7%], P = .006; and −1.7% [10.5%], P = .366). Participants started the TT (minutes 0–3) at a higher power output and oxygen uptake after PAP warm-up compared with the other 2 protocols (P < .05), but no between-conditions differences were found overall for the remainder of outcomes (P > .05). Conclusions: Compared with no warm-up, warming up enhanced jumping performance and sympathetic modulation before the TT, and the inclusion of brief sprints resulted in a higher initial power output during the TT. However, no warm-up benefits were found for overall TT performance or for perceptual or physiological responses during the TT.

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Using an Electromyography Method While Measuring Oxygen Uptake to Appreciate Physical Exercise Intensity in Adolescent Cyclists: An Analytical Study

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57090948 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (9) ◽

pp. 948

Author(s):

Ștefan Adrian Martin ◽

Roxana Maria Martin-Hadmaș

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Physical Exercise ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Power Output ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Analytical Study ◽

Muscle Fibers ◽

Measured Signal ◽

Emg Signal ◽

Activation Rate

Background and Objectives: During physical exercise, the electrical signal of the muscle fibers decreases due to repeated muscle contractions held at different intensities. The measured signal is strongly related to the motor unit activation rate, which is dependent on the chemical mediators and the available energy. By reducing the energy availability, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production will decrease and therefore the muscle fibers activation rate will be negatively affected. Such aspects become important when taking into account that the training intensity for many young athletes is rather controlled by using the heart rate values. Yet, on many occasions, we have seen differences and lack of relationship between the muscle activation rate, the heart rate values and the lactate accumulation. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective analytical study conducted during a 4-month period, on a sample of 30 participants. All study participants underwent an incremental exercise bike test to measure maximum aerobic capacity as well as the muscle activation rate in the vastus lateralis by using an electromyography method (EMG). Results: With age, the EMG signal dropped, as did the electromyography fatigue threshold (EMGFT) point, as seen through p = 0.0057, r = −0.49, CI95% = −0.73 to −0.16, and electromyography maximum reached point (EMGMRP) (p = 0.0001, r = −0.64, CI95% = −0.82 to −0.36), whereas power output increased (p = 0.0186, r = 0.427). The higher the power output, the lower the signal seen by measuring active tissue EMGFT (p = 0.0324, r = −0.39) and EMGMRP (p = 0.0272, r = −0.40). Yet, with changes in median power output, the power developed in aerobic (p = 0.0087, r = 0.47), mixed (p = 0.0288, r = 0.39), anaerobic (p = 0.0052, r = 0.49) and anaerobic power (p = 0.004, r = 0.50) exercise zones increased. Conclusions: There has been reported a relationship between aerobic/anaerobic ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) and EMGFT, EMGMRP, respectively. Each change in oxygen uptake increased the power output in EMGFT and EMGMRP, improving performances and therefore overlapping with both ventilatory thresholds.

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Metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses to wheelchair and bicycle ergometry

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1979.46.6.1066 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 1066-1070 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

R. M. Glaser ◽

M. N. Sawka ◽

L. L. Laubach ◽

A. G. Suryaprasad

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Power Output ◽

Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽

Pulmonary Ventilation ◽

Mechanical Efficiency ◽

Bicycle Ergometer ◽

Upper Body ◽

Bicycle Ergometry ◽

Ventilatory Equivalent

To evaluate wheelchair activity in reference to a more familiar mode of locomotion, metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses to wheelchair ergometer (WERG) and bicycle ergometer (BERG) exercise were compared. Eighteen able-bodies subjects were tested on a combination wheelchair-bicycle ergometer. Oxygen uptake (VO2), respiratory exchange ratio (R), pulmonary ventilation (VE), ventilatory equivalent (VE/VO2), percent net mechanical efficiency (ME), and heart rate (HR) were determined at power output (PO) levels of 30, 90, and 150 kpm/min on each ergometer. For WERG and BERG exercise, VO2, VE, and HR increased linearly with PO. Generally, VO2, R, VE, VE/VO2, and HR responses were higher (P less than 0.05) during WERG than BERG exercise at each PO. Blood lactate was determined after 150 kpm/min, and found to be higher (P less than 0.05) during WERG than BERG exercise. ME increased with PO and was lower (P less than 0.05) for WERG than BERG exercise at each PO level. The greater metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses observed during WERG exercise may be due to inefficient biomechanics and the relatively small upper body musculature used for propulsion.

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Effect of oral propranolol on the anaerobic threshold and maximum exercise performance in normal man

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y81-085 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 59 (6) ◽

pp. 567-573 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Richard L. Hughson ◽

Barbara J. MacFarlane

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Anaerobic Threshold ◽

Power Output ◽

Cycle Ergometer ◽

Progressive Exercise ◽

Normal Man ◽

Power Outputs ◽

Oral Propranolol ◽

Peak Value

The effect of propranolol on the anaerobic threshold was studied in six healthy male volunteers. The subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer in a progressive exercise test to exhaustion with propranolol or no drug. Power output was increased by 30 W every 2 min. Propranolol caused a significant reduction of heart rate by 20–45 beats per minute at all power outputs. In light and moderate exercise, no differences in oxygen uptake, ventilation, or blood lactate were observed in the propranolol and no-drug tests. The anaerobic threshold was not different between the no-drug (2.32 ± 0.19 L O2/min, mean ± SD) and the propranolol (2.83 ± 0.27 L O2/min) tests; however, the heart rate at the anaerobic threshold was significantly lower in the propranolol (143 ± 13 beats per minute) than the no-drug (187 ± 9 beats per minute) tests. Above the anaerobic threshold, oxygen uptake was similar at a given power output but it reached a lower peak value (p < 0.02) in the propranolol (3.16 ± 0.16 L O2/min) versus the no-drug (3.64 ± 0.39 L O2/min) tests. It was concluded that propranolol caused no change in the anaerobic threshold in this specific progressive exercise protocol. The results suggest that a training intensity for endurance exercise based on the anaerobic threshold does not need to be modified for subjects on propranolol medication.

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Aerobic work capacity in young Norwegian men and women

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1965.20.3.425 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 425-431 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

Lars Hermansen ◽

K. Lange Andersen

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Body Weight ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Work Capacity ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Submaximal Work ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Sedentary Women

This paper deals with the problem of assessing the range of variability in work capacity of young adult Norwegians. Successful male athletes average 4.8 liter/ min or 71 ml/min per kg body weight in maximal oxygen uptake, versus 3.2 liter/min or 44 ml/min per kg body weight for a group of sedentary living men. Female athletes average 3.3 liter/min or 55 ml/min per kg body weight, compared to 2.3 liter/min or 38 ml/min per kg body weight for sedentary women. Oxygen cost of bicycling at submaximal work rates was the same in athletes and nonathletes, but with a clear sex difference, the females possessing a better work efficiency. The linear relationship between heart rate and oxygen uptake becomes curved in the least fit subjects (the sedentary women) when the exercise loads approach the maximal niveau. The maximal heart rate was found lower in athletically trained subjects. The exercise-induced hyperventilation takes place at an oxygen uptake corresponding to 70–80% of the capacity, this being the same in both sexes and uninfluenced by athletics. maximal O2 uptake Submitted on March 23, 1964

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Comparison of perceptual and physiological variables of running on a track, motorized treadmill, and non-motorized curved treadmill at increasing velocity

Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis ◽

10.12697/akut.2016.22.02 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 20 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Veronika Myran Wee ◽

Erna Von Heimburg ◽

Roland Van den Tillaar

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Blood Lactate ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Treadmill Running ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Physiological Variables ◽

The Difference

The aim of this study was to compare perceptual and physiological variables between running on three different modalities — an indoor athletics track, a motorized treadmill, and a non-motorized curved treadmill — for 1000 m at three different velocities. Ten male athletes (age 24±3 years, body mass 69.8±6.91 kg, height 1.80±0.06 m, VO2peak 69.0±6.70 ml/kg/ min) conducted three 1000 m laps at increasing velocity on three different running modalities. The athletes had a 3-minute recovery between each lap, where the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was registered and the blood lactate concentration and heart rate were measured. Oxygen uptake was measured using a portable metabolic analyser. The physiological (oxygen uptake, heart rate, and blood lactate concentration) and perceptual (RPE) variables were higher when running on a non-motorized curved treadmill compared with running on the track or a motorized treadmill. No differences were found between running on a motorized treadmill and the track except for the RPE, which was lower when running on the track compared with the motorized treadmill. Running on a non-motorized curved treadmill at three different velocities results in a higher oxygen uptake (37%) and heart rate (22%) and is subjectively much harder than running on a track or a motorized treadmill at the same velocities. The difference is around 4 km/h when comparing the physiological and perceptual responses. Thus, when performing training sessions on a non-motorized curved treadmill, subjects should subtract 4 km/h from their regular pace on a track or motorized treadmill to get the same response considering oxygen uptake, heart rate, RPE and blood lactate concentration.

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Heart Rate-based Lactate Minimum Test in Running and Cycling

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/a-1342-7744 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Claudio Perret ◽

Kathrin Hartmann

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Steady State ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Exercise Intensity ◽

Exercise Test ◽

Power Output ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Maximal Lactate Steady State ◽

Lactate Minimum

AbstractThe heart rate-based lactate minimum test is a highly reproducible exercise test. However, the relation between lactate minimum determined by this test and maximal lactate steady state in running and cycling is still unclear. Twelve endurance-trained men performed this test in running and cycling. Exercise intensity at maximal lactate steady state was determined by performing several constant heart rate endurance tests for both exercise modes. Heart rate, power output, lactate concentration, oxygen uptake and rating of perceived exertion at lactate minimum, maximal lactate steady state and maximal performance were analysed. All parameters were significantly higher at maximal lactate steady state compared to lactate minimum for running and cycling. Significant correlations (p<0.05) between maximal lactate steady state and lactate minimum data were found. Peak heart rate and peak oxygen uptake were significantly higher for running versus cycling. Nevertheless, the exercise mode had no influence on relative (in percentage of maximal values) heart rate at lactate minimum (p=0.099) in contrast to relative power output (p=0.002). In conclusion, all measured parameters at lactate minimum were significantly lower but highly correlated with values at maximal lactate steady state in running and cycling, which allows to roughly estimate exercise intensity at maximal lactate steady state with one single exercise test.

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Self-paced exercise in hot and cool conditions is associated with the maintenance of %V̇o2peak within a narrow range

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00084.2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 118 (10) ◽

pp. 1258-1265 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Julien D. Périard ◽

Sébastien Racinais

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Exercise Intensity ◽

Power Output ◽

Time Course ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Narrow Range ◽

Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Relative Exercise Intensity

This study examined the time course and extent of decrease in peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak) during self-paced exercise in HOT (35°C and 60% relative humidity) and COOL (18°C and 40% relative humidity) laboratory conditions. Ten well-trained cyclists completed four consecutive 16.5-min time trials (15-min self-paced effort with 1.5-min maximal end-spurt to determine V̇o2peak) interspersed by 5 min of recovery on a cycle ergometer in each condition. Rectal temperature increased significantly more in HOT (39.4 ± 0.7°C) than COOL (38.6 ± 0.3°C; P < 0.001). Power output was lower throughout HOT compared with COOL ( P < 0.001). The decrease in power output from trial 1 to 4 was ∼16% greater in HOT ( P < 0.001). Oxygen uptake (V̇o2) was lower throughout HOT than COOL ( P < 0.05), except at 5 min and during the end-spurt in trial 1. In HOT, V̇o2peak reached 97, 89, 85, and 85% of predetermined maximal V̇o2, whereas in COOL 97, 94, 93, and 92% were attained. Relative exercise intensity (%V̇o2peak) during trials 1 and 2 was lower in HOT (∼84%) than COOL (∼86%; P < 0.05), decreasing slightly during trials 3 and 4 (∼80 and ∼85%, respectively; P < 0.05). However, heart rate was higher throughout HOT ( P = 0.002), and ratings of perceived exertion greater during trials 3 and 4 in HOT ( P < 0.05). Consequently, the regulation of self-paced exercise appears to occur in conjunction with the maintenance of %V̇o2peak within a narrow range (80-85% V̇o2peak). This range widens under heat stress, however, when exercise becomes protracted and a disassociation develops between relative exercise intensity, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion.

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