Modeling and Simulations of Flow Pattern, Chlorine Concentration, and Mean Age Distributions in Potable Water Service Reservoir of Singapore

2011 ◽  
Vol 137 (7) ◽  
pp. 575-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Mei Zhang ◽  
Heow Pueh Lee ◽  
Boo Cheong Khoo ◽  
Chit Pin Teo ◽  
Nazarudeen Haja ◽  
...  
2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pastre ◽  
M. Mulholland ◽  
C.J. Brouckaert ◽  
C.A. Buckley ◽  
M.-V. Le Lann ◽  
...  

The Umgeni Water Wiggins water treatment plant feeds the southern areas of Durban in South Africa and has a maximum treatment capacity of about 350 Ml/d. Two interconnected reservoirs at this facility hold treated water before it enters the distribution network. Because of the variable demand, the reservoir levels and residence times undergo considerable variation. This has a strong influence on the free chlorine concentration in the water leaving the reservoir, which should be 0.8 to 1.2 mg/l, to ensure an adequate disinfection potential within the network. This paper describes a model which accounts for the observed variations of chlorine concentration, and will form the basis of a predictive controller for the chlorine concentration in the outlet.


Author(s):  
A. Montiel-De Jesus ◽  
C. E. Morales-Constantino ◽  
S. D. Ixmatlahua-Diaz ◽  
N. L. Hernandez-Chaparro

10.29007/s3c1 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Patricia Hansen Rodríguez ◽  
José Manuel Rodríguez Varela ◽  
Edgar Antúnez Leyva ◽  
Jorge Arturo Casados Prior ◽  
Luis Gómez Lugo ◽  
...  

In Mexico, the regulatory framework does not obligate water utilities to report technical, administrative or financial information, nor are they required to have a management-indicator system to help them evaluate the service that they offer. In 2005 the Mexican Water Technology Institute (IMTA) started a voluntary participation program for tracking water utility management indicators (known as PIGOO for its Spanish initials) which has permitted participants to know what their own performance and evolution is. These results, however, do not represent what users think of the potable- water service so two additional studies were carried out to analyze the quality perception users have of their water-utility company. One permits the rating of the public image of the institution, that is to say, how a user is treated upon showing up in the offices to make a complaint or to file some procedure and another that evaluates the quality perception of the service that water utilities deliver to homes. These results will contribute towards identifying improvement areas in the service to users and the rating they give in turn, can help further the development and self-sustainability of water utilities.


Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 2635
Author(s):  
Joseph Toland ◽  
Anne Wein

Researchers are investigating the problem of estimating households with potable water service outages soon after an earthquake. Most of these modeling approaches are computationally intensive, have large proprietary data collection requirements or lack precision, making them unfeasible for rapid assessment, prioritization, and allocation of emergency water resources in large, complex disasters. This study proposes a new simplified analytical method—performed without proprietary water pipeline data—to estimate water supply needs after earthquakes, and a case study of its application in the HayWired earthquake scenario. In the HayWired scenario—a moment magnitude (Mw) 7.0 Hayward Fault earthquake in the San Francisco Bay Area, California (USA)—an analysis of potable water supply in two water utility districts was performed using the University of Colorado Water Network (CUWNet) model. In the case study, application of the simplified method extends these estimates of household water service outage to the nine counties adjacent to the San Francisco Bay, aggregated by a ~250 m2 (nine-arcsecond) grid. The study estimates about 1.38 million households (3.7 million residents) out of 7.6 million residents (2017, ambient, nighttime population) with potable water service outage soon after the earthquake—about an 8% increase from the HayWired scenario estimates.


2013 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Mei Zhang ◽  
Boo Cheong Khoo ◽  
Heow Pueh Lee ◽  
Chit Pin Teo ◽  
Nazarudeen Haja ◽  
...  

2012 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. 578-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Mei Zhang ◽  
Boo Cheong Khoo ◽  
Heow Pueh Lee ◽  
Chit Pin Teo ◽  
Nazarudeen Haja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

Urban History ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-105
Author(s):  
Pedro A. Novo ◽  
Karmele Zarraga

AbstractThe article analyses the characteristics of the public water service in the city of Bilbao between the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. It addresses both the study of potable water and the different uses of non-potable water. In addition, the article includes the relationship between the water supply and the population that receives it. We are interested in knowing who enjoyed it at home, linking demographic sources with records of the water service of the city.


Author(s):  
Y. Pan

The D defect, which causes the degradation of gate oxide integrities (GOI), can be revealed by Secco etching as flow pattern defect (FPD) in both float zone (FZ) and Czochralski (Cz) silicon crystal or as crystal originated particles (COP) by a multiple-step SC-1 cleaning process. By decreasing the crystal growth rate or high temperature annealing, the FPD density can be reduced, while the D defectsize increased. During the etching, the FPD surface density and etch pit size (FPD #1) increased withthe etch depth, while the wedge shaped contours do not change their positions and curvatures (FIG.l).In this paper, with atomic force microscopy (AFM), a simple model for FPD morphology by non-crystallographic preferential etching, such as Secco etching, was established.One sample wafer (FPD #2) was Secco etched with surface removed by 4 μm (FIG.2). The cross section view shows the FPD has a circular saucer pit and the wedge contours are actually the side surfaces of a terrace structure with very small slopes. Note that the scale in z direction is purposely enhanced in the AFM images. The pit dimensions are listed in TABLE 1.


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