Integral Platform to control and monitoring of potable water service in rural communities

A design methodology for the supply of subterranean water through the use of wind energy

10.51415/10321/159 ◽

2005 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Brett Richard Marais

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Wind Energy ◽

Water Supply ◽

Design Methodology ◽

Potable Water ◽

White Paper ◽

South Africans ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Government

The Reconstruction and Development Programme adopted by the Government of National Unity is more than a list of the services required to improve the quality of life of the majority of South Africans. It is not just a call for South Africans to unite to build a country free of poverty and misery; it is a programme designed to achieve this objective in an integrated and principled manner. Based on the strategic objectives, as highlighted in the White Paper on Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, with regard to alleviating the chronic potable water shortages in South Africa, this thesis investigates a design methodology to supply potable water through the use of wind energy. The design focuses on small rural off-grid developments where grid electricity either has not or will not reach, and where renewable energy is the only viable option. This thesis provides an overview of wind energy and presents the fundamentals of wind power calculations. It also formulates an overview of the historic and present situation with regards to potable water supply, and reflects on the need for urgent intervention. The feasibility of using wind energy to supply potable water to rural communities in South Africa is explored in a case study. The various problem areas are identified and examined and a wide range of possible solutions are recommended. A final flow chart for the system design is proposed, thus ensuring comprehensive design methodology from which future design of similar systems can be based.

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Optimization Study of Tilt Angle for Single Slope Solar Still

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology ◽

10.22214/ijraset.2021.37283 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (VIII) ◽

pp. 161-167

Author(s):

Onkar Joshi

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Tilt Angle ◽

Potable Water ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Solar Still ◽

Copper Sheet ◽

Black Paint ◽

Optimization Study ◽

Rate Of Evaporation ◽

Effective Design

Water is essential to life. The origin and continuation of mankind is based on water. The supply of drinking water is an important problem for the developing countries. The wooden box has a thickness of 8mm. It consists of a top cover of transparent glass with a tilt of 18°, 26° and is coated with black paint to absorb the maximum possible solar energy. The yield of the single basin solar still is very less and it increases considerably when the solar still was built with copper sheet. An analysis of single slope solar still has done on different tilt angle to optimizing study of tilt angle. They greatly improve the rate of evaporation and the rate of condensation on the cooler surface. The efficiency is higher for solar still made up of copper sheet and its output we have got 1.24 for 18° angle. The optimized tilt angle gave more efficiency than other tilt angle. The optimize water depth is 18mm for 18° angle. This cost-effective design is expected to provide the rural communities an efficient way to convert the brackish water in to potable water.

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Perception Analysis of Potable Water Service to Users

10.29007/s3c1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Martha Patricia Hansen Rodríguez ◽

José Manuel Rodríguez Varela ◽

Edgar Antúnez Leyva ◽

Jorge Arturo Casados Prior ◽

Luis Gómez Lugo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potable Water ◽

Indicator System ◽

Water Utilities ◽

Public Image ◽

Water Utility ◽

Water Service ◽

Quality Perception ◽

Utility Company ◽

Management Indicators ◽

Technology Institute

In Mexico, the regulatory framework does not obligate water utilities to report technical, administrative or financial information, nor are they required to have a management-indicator system to help them evaluate the service that they offer. In 2005 the Mexican Water Technology Institute (IMTA) started a voluntary participation program for tracking water utility management indicators (known as PIGOO for its Spanish initials) which has permitted participants to know what their own performance and evolution is. These results, however, do not represent what users think of the potable- water service so two additional studies were carried out to analyze the quality perception users have of their water-utility company. One permits the rating of the public image of the institution, that is to say, how a user is treated upon showing up in the offices to make a complaint or to file some procedure and another that evaluates the quality perception of the service that water utilities deliver to homes. These results will contribute towards identifying improvement areas in the service to users and the rating they give in turn, can help further the development and self-sustainability of water utilities.

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A Simplified Method for Rapid Estimation of Emergency Water Supply Needs after Earthquakes

Water ◽

10.3390/w13192635 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (19) ◽

pp. 2635

Author(s):

Joseph Toland ◽

Anne Wein

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

San Francisco ◽

Potable Water ◽

San Francisco Bay ◽

Rapid Assessment ◽

Water Utility ◽

Water Service ◽

Earthquake Scenario ◽

Simplified Method

Researchers are investigating the problem of estimating households with potable water service outages soon after an earthquake. Most of these modeling approaches are computationally intensive, have large proprietary data collection requirements or lack precision, making them unfeasible for rapid assessment, prioritization, and allocation of emergency water resources in large, complex disasters. This study proposes a new simplified analytical method—performed without proprietary water pipeline data—to estimate water supply needs after earthquakes, and a case study of its application in the HayWired earthquake scenario. In the HayWired scenario—a moment magnitude (Mw) 7.0 Hayward Fault earthquake in the San Francisco Bay Area, California (USA)—an analysis of potable water supply in two water utility districts was performed using the University of Colorado Water Network (CUWNet) model. In the case study, application of the simplified method extends these estimates of household water service outage to the nine counties adjacent to the San Francisco Bay, aggregated by a ~250 m2 (nine-arcsecond) grid. The study estimates about 1.38 million households (3.7 million residents) out of 7.6 million residents (2017, ambient, nighttime population) with potable water service outage soon after the earthquake—about an 8% increase from the HayWired scenario estimates.

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An assessment of penetration for pay-to-fetch water kiosks in rural Ghana using the Huff gravity model

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2020.034 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 670-679 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Philip T. Deal ◽

David A. Sabatini

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Gravity Model ◽

Market Share ◽

Free Water ◽

Household Survey ◽

Water Sources ◽

Small Scale ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Water Service ◽

Survey Responses

Abstract Safe water enterprises across the developing world are attempting to meet demand for higher levels of water service. Existing, often free, water sources can make it difficult for these businesses to convince consumers to use a better-quality source or capture sufficient revenue for cost recovery. For this reason, it is imperative to develop a realistic understanding of penetration for small-scale water utilities. A cross-sectional assessment of 60 rural communities was used to evaluate the market share of a private service provider in Ghana. Household survey responses were used to identify the most attractive qualities of available water sources. Distance, taste, appearance, and affordability were found to be the most common motivational drivers. Using this information, a Huff gravity model was developed to assess the actual and potential market penetration and market share for the company in each community. The model and actual results agreed that about 38% of respondents would be regular customers at the given price. Even if water were free, the model predicted that the attractiveness of other sources would make it difficult to capture more than 58% of the sampled households. This illustrates the complexity of the water service ecosystem in a developing, rural context.

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Modeling and Simulations of Flow Pattern, Chlorine Concentration, and Mean Age Distributions in Potable Water Service Reservoir of Singapore

Journal of Environmental Engineering ◽

10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000359 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 137 (7) ◽

pp. 575-584 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jun-Mei Zhang ◽

Heow Pueh Lee ◽

Boo Cheong Khoo ◽

Chit Pin Teo ◽

Nazarudeen Haja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Pattern ◽

Potable Water ◽

Chlorine Concentration ◽

Modeling And Simulations ◽

Water Service

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Numerical Simulation and Assessment of the Effects of Operation and Baffling on a Potable Water Service Reservoir

Journal of Environmental Engineering ◽

10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000629 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 139 (3) ◽

pp. 341-348 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jun-Mei Zhang ◽

Boo Cheong Khoo ◽

Heow Pueh Lee ◽

Chit Pin Teo ◽

Nazarudeen Haja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Numerical Simulation ◽

Potable Water ◽

Water Service

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From source to filter: changes in bacterial community composition during potable water treatment

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/cjm-2017-0077 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (6) ◽

pp. 546-558 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Enisa Zanacic ◽

Dena W. McMartin ◽

John Stavrinides

Keyword(s):

Water Treatment ◽

Surface Water ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Bacterial Community ◽

Community Composition ◽

Potable Water ◽

Bacterial Community Composition ◽

Community Diversity ◽

Valuable Insight ◽

Source Water

Rural communities rely on surface water reservoirs for potable water. Effective removal of chemical contaminants and bacterial pathogens from these reservoirs requires an understanding of the bacterial community diversity that is present. In this study, we carried out a 16S rRNA-based profiling approach to describe the bacterial consortia in the raw surface water entering the water treatment plants of 2 rural communities. Our results show that source water is dominated by the Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Cyanobacteria, with some evidence of seasonal effects altering the predominant groups at each location. A subsequent community analysis of transects of a biological carbon filter in the water treatment plant revealed a significant increase in the proportion of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Nitrospirae relative to raw water. Also, very few enteric coliforms were identified in either the source water or within the filter, although Mycobacterium was of high abundance and was found throughout the filter along with Aeromonas, Legionella, and Pseudomonas. This study provides valuable insight into bacterial community composition within drinking water treatment facilities, and the importance of implementing appropriate disinfection practices to ensure safe potable water for rural communities.

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