Observations on Stroboscopic Induced Motion

Perception ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
Francesco Micella ◽  
Baingio Pinna
Keyword(s):  
Interstimulus Interval ◽  
Stimulus Display ◽  
Median Plane ◽  
Relative Displacement ◽  
Frame Condition ◽  
Induced Motion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Perceived Velocity ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
Object Frame

Subject-relative explanations of motion induction state that induced motion is the result of a misperceived shift of the median plane of the visual field of the subject. This theory does not require relative motion of the spot and frame, in the classical spot-and-frame condition, only asymmetrical stimulation. Three experiments are reported in which stroboscopic induced motion was investigated. The experimental arrangement was unconventional in that the induced object (spot) was presented only during the interstimulus interval between the exposures of the inducing object (frame). This allowed differentiation of the duration of the induced movement and that of the inducing one. In the first experiment it was demonstrated that perception of induced motion depends upon the duration of the interstimulus interval between the presentations of the inducing frame. In the second experiment it was shown that the perceived velocity of the induced movement can be different from that of the inducing one and depends on the duration of exposure of the induced object. In the third experiment a stimulus display was created in which the apparent displacement of an object and its induced motion are incongruous. The results are incompatible with subject-relative displacement as the sole determining factor of motion induction and they present some difficulties for the hypothesis that induced motion is the result of the apportionment of the objective displacement of the frame.

Sentence Disparity, Judge Shopping and Trial Court Delay

1996 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Weatherburn ◽  
Bronwyn Linc
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
High Rate ◽  
District Court ◽  
Trial Court ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Court Delay ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Criminal Matters ◽  
Determining Factor

Until recently, criminal matters finalised by way of a trial in the NSW District Court have been the subject of substantial delays. In 1990–93, there was a significant drop in the backlog of trial cases pending in the court but the corresponding reduction in trial court delay has been less substantial than might have been expected. The article draws on past research showing that adjournments contribute significantly to trial court delay and considers the question of whether the practice of 'judge shopping' might in part be responsible for the high rate of adjournments. Evidence is presented showing that there are substantial disparities in the use of imprisonment by District Court judges and that this appears to be a determining factor in the willingness of defendants to proceed to trial.

scholarly journals PLACING OF PRODUCTIVE FORCES AS AN INSTRUMENT OF POLICY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svitlana Mashchenko ◽  
◽  
Katerina Goncharova ◽  
Vladyslav Hrebennikov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
Regional Strategies ◽  
Effective Policy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
Determining Factor

A systematization of approaches to the definition of «sustainable development» has been provided in this article. It has been concluded that there is no unambiguous definition of sustainable development. This term is interpreted by scholars from the standpoint of their own subjective judgments. The definition given in the national strategy of sustainable development of Ukraine until 2030 can be considered as the most acceptable. It has been noted that in the implementation of the concept of sustainable development, the regional (subnational) level should be the determining factor. This is due to the fact that the region is the subject of integration relations, where the goals of sustainable development are most adequate to its position in the system of management of the national economy and regional association. It has been noted that the implementation of sustainable development tasks at the regional level requires: development of socio-economic and environmental development programs; formation of local budgets taking into account the priority of goals and objectives of sustainable development; implementation of a set of measures for balanced development of regions. It has been determined that for further implementation of the concept of sustainable development in the regional dimension, it is necessary to develop a new methodology taking into account the effective allocation of productive forces. It has been emphasized that the deployment of productive forces is a tool to achieve effective implementation of the concept of sustainable development. A scheme to ensure sustainable development of the regions, taking into account the factors of the APF has been suggested by the authors. There are three main areas: development of sustainable development strategies for each region; the formation of local budgets taking into account the priorities and goals of sustainable development and the formation of an effective policy of the APF in the context of sustainable development. It has been noted that the last area is the main one and needs the most attention in the research process. It has been concluded that sustainable development in the region is possible through the development and implementation of regional strategies and programs of sustainable development, as well as in the development of coordinated regional development policy in the context of sustainable development and local budgets taking into account the priority of sustainable development.

LA RELATION CHEZ AVICENNE

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
HATEM ZGHAL
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Determining Factor

This study consists in a commentary on some passages from Avicenna, which deal with the category of the relative. The commentary points out the promotion of the relative to the role of an exclusive determining factor. An attempt is made here to show how Avicenna tries to detach the relative accident from its subject, in order to transform it into the exclusive determining factor of a pure thingness. The relative determination of this thingness must be able to receive specifications, which may extend as far as the infimae species. These specifications are obtained by the consideration of the other attributes of the subject of the relative attribution, which are henceforth no more than the “modes of advent” of the relation.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL STATUS OF ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS AS SUBJECTS OF INTERACTION WITH PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AUTHORITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 70-74
Author(s):  
O. Gresko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Territorial Jurisdiction ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Administrative Courts ◽  
Administrative Jurisdiction ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
Court Process

The article is devoted to the analysis of general theoretical aspects of determining the administrative and legal status of administrative courts as subjects of interaction with public administration bodies. The basis of the study were modern scientific developments on the subject, as well as current national legislation. The article reveals the category of "status". The essence of the legal status as one of the varieties of the general status of the subject (person, authority, etc.) is analyzed. Scientific approaches to the administrative and legal status are analyzed. The current administrative and legal status of administrative courts in Ukraine is determined. It is concluded that the administrative and legal status of administrative courts is the legal status of administrative courts determined by the norms of administrative law, which consists of a set of elements, the determining factor among which is instance and territorial jurisdiction for public law disputes, one of the parties of which is a public authorities. It was found that among the features of the administrative and legal status of administrative courts as subjects of interaction with public administration authorities should be noted: 1) does not contain the traditional division of elements into rights, freedoms, responsibilities, and is answered only by the competence in the relevant jurisdiction; 2) administrative jurisdiction, according to current legislation, is differentiated into institutional and territorial; 3) is regulated not only by substantive but also by procedural rules of law; 4) consider cases of administrative jurisdiction, in which public administration authorities may act as one of the parties, and administrative courts may interact with these bodies outside the court process.

Virtual Cities as Memoryscapes

2020 ◽  
pp. 236-256
Author(s):  
Maria Alexandra ◽  
Gago Da Câmara ◽  
Helena Murteira ◽  
Paulo Simões Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Lisbon Earthquake ◽  
Historical Awareness ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City ◽  
Determining Factor ◽  
Over Time

The digital re-creation of a past city represents more than a mere depiction of its historical awareness; it also represents its imaginability. In retrospect, the imaginability of the city corresponds to the outcome of various perceptions that we have acquired of it over time, and which currently confers us with a certain degree of accuracy in its readability. The imaginability of the city is therefore a determining factor in virtually re-creating the latter and subsequently converting it into a memoryscape. This theory can be validated by the specific case study of Lisbon, Portugal, which has during the last few years been the subject of at least four projects that sought to virtually re-create the city’s past. Despite presenting themselves distinctively with different technological applications, the four projects held the same starting point; the great Lisbon earthquake of 1755 (a major disruptive event in its history), and were all focused on presenting the cityscape that was lost as a result. Lisbon’s iconography from the sixteenth century to the mid-eighteenth century (drawings, engravings, and paintings) was used as crucial data.

Expectancy and Intermittency

1965 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Interstimulus Interval ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Clear Indication ◽  
Temporal Uncertainty ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Interstimulus Intervals

When a human subject responds to the second of two closely succeeding stimuli, his reaction time to the second stimulus tends to increase sharply as the interstimulus interval decreases. Controversy has centred on the issue of whether this increase is mainly due to the effects of the first stimulus in producing some kind of block in the central analysing systems or whether it is mainly due to the temporal uncertainty of the second signal, as determined by the distribution of interstimulus intervals used. By substituting for the first stimulus a spontaneous response on the part of the subject and holding the distribution of interstimulus intervals constant, it is shown that the delays in responding to the succeeding signal are eliminated, even at intervals as short as 50 millisec. This is interpreted as evidence in support of the intermittency hypothesis and as a clear indication that the increase in reaction times normally observed is not a result of the distribution of interstimulus intervals.

The Stroop Effect: Failure to Focus Attention or Failure to Maintain Focusing?

1984 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Effect ◽  
Interstimulus Interval ◽  
Stroop Interference ◽  
Relevant Feature ◽  
Focus Attention ◽  
Stimulus Position ◽  
Relevant Attribute ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
Similar Decrease

Subjects matched the position (high or low) of a first stimulus with either the position or the meaning of a word ( HI or LO) presented after an interstimulus interval (ISI). The form of the first stimulus ( X or O) varied randomly within trial blocks and specified the relevant feature (meaning or position) of the second stimulus to the subject. When the relevant feature was meaning, Stroop interference from the second stimulus position was observed. This interference decreased as ISI increased. At the longest ISI, it was eliminated completely. A number of explanations for these effects are discussed and then tested in two further matching experiments. In a fourth experiment a similar decrease in interference was observed. These reductions in interference with increase in ISI appear to represent the development of attentional focusing on the relevant feature of the second stimulus. Stroop interference may occur in experiments where the relevant attribute is constant because of a difficulty associated with repeated focusing on the same attribute.

101 Measurement of Tapping During the Interstimulus Interval as a Validation Metric for the 3-Minute Psychomotor Vigilance Test

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A41-A42
Author(s):  
Sean Deering ◽  
Carl Stepnowsky
Keyword(s):  
Interstimulus Interval ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Stimulus Display ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Sleep Research ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance Test ◽  
Pvt Data ◽  
Vigilance Test ◽  
Considerable Work ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance

Abstract Introduction The Psychomotor Vigilance Test is a well-validated measure of sustained attention used to assess daytime alertness in sleep research studies.1 It is commonly used in a variety of research settings due to its high sensitivity to sleep loss and absence of learning effects,2 making it an ideal tool to assess objective alertness. As some types of sleep research transition out of controlled laboratory environments, tools like the PVT require modification to maximize their reliability. The validation of the 3-minute version (PVT-B) against the 10-minute PVT is an example of this modification.3 However, considerable work is needed to improve trust in the utility of the PVT-B in and outside of traditional laboratory settings. Methods We carefully analyzed data from a mobile-based version of the PVT-B, noting responses that occurred during the interstimulus interval which were termed “wrong taps.” Wrong taps indicated that participants were not performing the task as instructed. In some cases, wrong taps occurred across multiple trials of the same PVT block, indicative of participants repeatedly tapping the screen throughout the task to minimize response times. A comprehensive examination of wrong taps was carried out in order to identify instances where this pattern emerged. Results A total of 1,338,538 PVT-B trials from 7,028 participants were examined to determine the number of wrong taps present across all trials. While 91.7% of PVT-B trials were free of wrong taps, 8.3% of PVT-B trials contained 1 or more wrong taps and 5.2% contained 2 or more wrong taps. It appears that a maximum of one wrong tap per trial is acceptable and trials containing 2 or more should be excluded to maximize PVT data quality. Conclusion Utilizing a metric like wrong taps can help identify individuals taking the PVT-B who are tapping the screen multiple times prior to stimulus display. Closely examining this metric can help to ensure the validity of PVT-B administrations. Two possible uses of the metric could be to provide feedback during training trials and to remove trials where this strategy was employed. Support (if any) This analysis was supported by the VA San Diego Healthcare System Research Service.

scholarly journals Universitäre postgraduale Translatorenausbildung – strategische Konzepte, Praxiserfahrungen und Ergebnisse

2019 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 185-197
Author(s):  
Anna Małgorzewicz
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
The Subject ◽  
University Level ◽  
Determining Factor

Der Beitrag setzt sich mit den Fragen der universitären Translatorenausbildung auseinander, welche im Rahmen der postgradualen Studiengänge an polnischen Hochschulen realisiert wird. Am Beispiel eines postgradualen Studiengangs für Übersetzer und Dolmetscher wird der Entstehungsprozess des Lehrprogramms gezeigt, dessen Grundlage das Definieren der zu erzielenden Kompetenzen, Fähigund Fertigkeiten bildet. Es wird auf Ermittlungen einer empirischen Untersuchung hingewiesen, die es möglich machte, Desiderate für die universitäre Translatorenausbildung zu formulieren. Die Autorin bespricht im Weiteren Komponenten der didaktischen Strategie, welche in einem dynamischen und determinierenden Verhältnis zueinander stehen und gerade in dieser Determiniertheit zum Fokus der translationsdidaktischen Betrachtungen gerückt werden. Die geschilderten Annahmen und vertretenen konzeptionellen Ansätze werden in ihrer praktischen Realisierung geschildert.Postgraduate courses for translators at university level – strategic concepts, practical experience and resultsThe paper discusses the subject of postgraduate courses for translators offered at Polish universities. One example of such postgraduate courses for translators and interpreters illustrates the process of development of curriculum in which the desired competences, abilities and skills are a determining factor. The paper refers also to the results of empirical research which made it possible to formulate desiderata for courses for translators at university level. Moreover, the author examines the components of didactic strategy that are in a dynamic and determined relation to one another. The determined character of this relation is the reason why these components come to the fore of research on translation and interpreting teaching. Furthermore, it is described how all of the assumptions and represented theoretic concepts are applied in practice.

scholarly journals Accomplished ladies and well-mannered gentlemen: The effect of education in Jane Austen’s novels

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Jordán
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sociocultural Context ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Determining Factor

The education of young people is one of the recurring themes of Jane Austen's novels. In all her works there are references to the consequences of the education received or its shortcomings. This is a determining factor in the development of personality and Austen, who focuses her novels on people, places great importance on it. In this article, we will analyze the abundant references Austen makes on the subject of education and we will offer some information on this aspect in her sociocultural context, differentiating between education as a person's formation, on the one hand, and the acquisition of knowledge and skills on the other.

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