Oppel-Kundt Illusion and Visual Field Anisotropy

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 101-101
Author(s):  
A Bulatov ◽  
A Bertulis ◽  
J Kocaniene
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Test Interval ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Internal Angle ◽  
Algebraic Summation

Psychophysiological experiments are reported in which a combined influence of visual field anisotropy and the Oppel - Kundt illusion on length judgement was tested. The subjects adjusted the test interval of a stimulus to be equal with the reference interval in length. The stimuli—three dots or the Oppel - Kundt figure with ten dots within the filled half—were generated on the monitor. In the Oppel - Kundt figure, the filled half was considered as the reference interval, and the empty half as the test one. In sessions of the experiments, values of errors as functions of the size and orientation of the stimulus were measured. The reference interval varied within 14 – 150 min arc range, and the orientation was fixed in the 0°, 90°, 180°, or 270° position. The orientation of the test interval varied from 0° to 360°, in 7° steps. The experiments with the three-dot stimuli yielded pure characteristics of visual field anisotropy, and the experiments with the Oppel - Kundt figure showed combined appearance of both the anisotropy and the illusion. The data demonstrate an algebraic summation of the two factors in a simultaneous manifestation. It is assumed that estimation of symmetry of the stimulus, in accordance to the bisector of its internal angle, provides discrimination of the length. Calculations have shown a satisfying confirmation of this assumption.

scholarly journals A Directionally Sensitive Motion Detecting Neurone in the Brain of a Moth

1983 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Claire Rind
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
Firing Frequency ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Directional Response ◽  
Stimulus Movement ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Dim Light ◽  
The Brain

1. In the moth, Manduca sexta, a pair of neurones, one on each side of the brain, were characterized morphologically and physiologically as descending interneurones, selective for horizontal motion over a large area of the moth's visual field. 2. Their cell bodies and dendritic processes are located in the protocerebrum of the brain. Their axons, 12–15 [μm diameter, project down the ipsilateral connective, branching profusely on the ipsilateral side of the suboesophageal, prothoracic and pterothoracic ganglia. 3. Each neurone responds to movement over either retina. Their preferred directions are from front to back across the ipsilateral eye and back to front over the contralateral one. Movement in the opposite direction supresses their usual ‘resting’ discharge. The neurones are particularly sensitive to movements within the frontal, ventral visual field. 4. Each neurone responds repeatedly, for up to 5 h, to a stimulus oscillating back and forth across the retinae. The response is not diminished during concurrent wing flapping. 5. An increase in the velocity of stimulus movement produces a proportional increase in firing frequency. For stripes of 2.5 cm wavelength and subtending 32° at the eye, the maximum response occurs at a velocity of 3cm/s which gives a contrast frequency of 1.2 Hz. 6. The latency of the neurone's response, measured from its axon as it enters the pterothoracic ganglion, depends on at least two factors: light intensity and the speed of stimulus movement. 7. The neurone gives a directional response to stripes of period 6–4° in bright light. The response falls to 16° in dim light. 8. At night, in dim light, the latency of response is much reduced and the threshold light intensity, necessary for a directional response, decreases by two orders of magnitude.

scholarly journals Noncompliance with drug therapy of glaucoma: a review about intervening factors

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldemar Nemésio Brandão Vilela de Castro ◽  
Wander Araújo Mesquita
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Keywords Glaucoma ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Patient Noncompliance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intervening Factors

Glaucoma is defined as an optic neuropathy, characterized for loss of visual field and injury of the optic nerve, being considered as the second cause of blindness in the world, which could be prevented by the use of antiglaucoma eyedrops. The lack of adhesion of the patient to the drug treatment can culminate with loss of the vision. The objective was to revise possible literature data regarding intervening factors for noncompliance and explain estimated rates of noncompliance. A systematic review about the subject was carried out in the period of January to June of 2006. Articles had been searched in two data bases, in the National Library of Medicine (PUBMED) and in the Literature Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS) using the following keywords: glaucoma, compliance of the patient, noncompliance of the patient, treatment and eyedrops. In PUBMED, 199 articles were collected, written in English and French languages. No article was found in LILACS. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 27 articles were selected, with 25 originals and two reviews. Twelve possible intervening factors for noncompliance were raised, as well as estimates for rates of noncompliance. The noncompliance rates varied from 4.6% up to 59%. Two factors, forgetfulness and inadequate between-doses interval, had been associated to noncompliance of the drug therapy. The factors race, adverse effects, treatment cost, number of instilled doses, coexisting illnesses and number of eyedrops used, had resulted contradictory, being impossible to affirm that they have contributed for noncompliance. Age, sex, educational level and loss of visual field, had not been associated with noncompliance. The glaucoma patients tended to disregard the drug treatment. The wide variation in noncompliance rates could be an influence from the authors' difficulty to define the noncompliance and the variety of methodologies used to estimate it. More studies are necessary for a better evaluation of these 12 raised factors.

scholarly journals Examining the Effects of Clutter and Target Salience in an E-Commerce Visual Search Task

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1761-1765
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Visual Salience ◽  
Web Page ◽  
Attentional Guidance ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Trial Participants

For web page designers it is important to consider how the visual components of a page affect how easy it is to use. Visual salience and clutter are two bottom-up factors of stimuli that have been shown to affect attentional guidance. Visual salience is a measure of how much a given item or region in the visual field stands out relative to its surroundings, and clutter is a measure of how much visual information is present and how well it is organized. In this study, we examined the effects of visual salience and clutter in a visual search task in e-commerce pages. Clutter was manipulated by adding grids of varying densities to the background of stimuli. On each trial, participants searched for an item that was either the most or least salient of the items on the page as determined by a computational model of visual salience (Itti, Koch, & Niebur, 1998). The results showed that the high salient targets were found faster than the low salient targets and search times also increased as clutter increased, but these two factors did not interact. We conclude that designers should consider both factors when possible.

Visual-Field Differences in Recognition of Male and Female Faces

1980 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 627-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pim Brouwers ◽  
L. J. Mononen ◽  
G. A. Stefanatos
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Left Visual Field ◽  
Facial Recognition ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Visual Field Effect ◽  
The Subject

Variations in the normally observed advantage for facial recognition of stimuli in the left visual field have been observed as a function of changes in stimulus attributes. The present study examined whether the interaction between the sex of the subject and sex of the stimulus face also results in variations in effects of visual field. This possibility was suggested by a number of free-field studies which indicated an interaction between these two factors on the accuracy of facial recognition. 16 volunteers viewed a series of male and female faces presented tachistoscopically to the left and right visual fields. When the sex of the subject and the sex of the stimulus face were the same, superiority for presentation in the left visual field was demonstrated ( p < .05). In addition, although female faces were more difficult to recognize than male faces ( p < .01), this did not influence the visual-field effect. These results were discussed in terms of both the sex-of-face effect and visual-field differences in facial recognition.

Abstract #1180: Trimester Specific Reference Interval for Thyroid Hormones During Pregnancy at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Haryana, India.

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Rajesh Rajput ◽  
Bhagat Singh ◽  
Vasudha Goel ◽  
Amit Verma ◽  
Shashi Seth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Care Hospital

Abstract #815: Visual Field Deterioration While on Medical Treatment in a Patient with Giant Prolactinoma

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 169-170
Author(s):  
Joyce George ◽  
Betul Hatipoglu
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Giant Prolactinoma

Slow Down You’re Moving Too Fast

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Lang ◽  
Nancy Schwartz ◽  
Sharon Mayell
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Media Messages ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Difference

The study reported here compared how younger and older adults processed the same set of media messages which were selected to vary on two factors, arousing content and valence. Results showed that older and younger adults had similar arousal responses but different patterns of attention and memory. Older adults paid more attention to all messages than did younger adults. However, this attention did not translate into greater memory. Older and younger adults had similar levels of memory for slow-paced messages, but younger adults outperformed older adults significantly as pacing increased, and the difference was larger for arousing compared with calm messages. The differences found are in line with predictions made based on the cognitive-aging literature.

Effects of an Anxiety-Specific Psychometric Factor on Fear Conditioning and Fear Generalization

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Baumann ◽  
Miriam A. Schiele ◽  
Martin J. Herrmann ◽  
Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽  
Peter Zwanzger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
High Anxious ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Fear Generalization

Abstract. Conditioning and generalization of fear are assumed to play central roles in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Here we investigate the influence of a psychometric anxiety-specific factor on these two processes, thus try to identify a potential risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. To this end, 126 healthy participants were examined with questionnaires assessing symptoms of anxiety and depression and with a fear conditioning and generalization paradigm. A principal component analysis of the questionnaire data identified two factors representing the constructs anxiety and depression. Variations in fear conditioning and fear generalization were solely associated with the anxiety factor characterized by anxiety sensitivity and agoraphobic cognitions; high-anxious individuals exhibited stronger fear responses (arousal) during conditioning and stronger generalization effects for valence and UCS-expectancy ratings. Thus, the revealed psychometric factor “anxiety” was associated with enhanced fear generalization, an assumed risk factor for anxiety disorders. These results ask for replication with a longitudinal design allowing to examine their predictive validity.

Empty visual field studies: Some effects of corrective lenses, filters, and structure.

1964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton S. Katz ◽  
Paul A. Cirincione ◽  
William Metlay
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Field Studies
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