Has the 'Golden Age of Gas' bypassed Australia?

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Joshua Stabler

In June 2011, the International Energy Agency released the 2011 World Energy Outlook (WEO) series that posed the thought-provoking question: ‘Are we entering a golden age of gas?’ In response to this bold question, this paper first investigates the world’s electricity supply by each fuel type and how the WEO expectations have changed over time. This helps define the progress of the world targets for the ‘Golden Age of Gas’. To provide context to Australian gas conditions, this paper delves deeply into two of the most important international markets in the world: USA and China. Each of these countries are placed in the five fastest growing gas production countries in the world but have had substantially different engagements with gas and their domestic electricity profiles. Each country’s response to the electricity generation-source dilemma has resulted in diametrically opposed carbon emission outcomes. Finally, this paper turns to the Australian experience with gas. As the fifth fastest growing gas producing nation, and now the largest liquefied natural gas exporter in the world, Australia has rapidly shifted from energy price isolation to having strong links to international energy prices. These international price linkages have been applied across both gas and coal markets and have occurred simultaneously with the combination of a wave of renewable energy construction, traditional energy generation exit and paralysed government policy. This leaves a revised question: has the Golden Age of Gas passed Australia?

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Ibar Federico Anderson

Según el WorldEnergy Outlook 2017[1]  publicado por la Agencia Internacional de la Energía (AIE)[2] se evidencian algunas tendencias en el sistema energético mundial, en donde los motores eléctricos representarán un tercio del aumento de la demanda de energía eléctrica. Este aumento significa que millones de hogares agregarán electrodomésticos y sistemas de refrigeración. Recientemente la Agencia publicó un muy completo estudio[3] sobre la situación del uso de aires acondicionados[4] en el mundo. En la República Argentina, informes anuales de CAMMESA[5]: 2007 y 2016 indican que en ese período hubo un aumento del 45% en el consumo eléctrico en todos los sectores, lo que significa un problema en la generación y transmisión de energía. Se tornó una necesidad todas las medidas que se puedan tomar en sentido de la Eficiencia Energética (EE); lo que por otro lado significa una oportunidad en el diseño y desarrollo de productos industriales más eficientes en el consumo de la energía eléctrica. En clara orientación con esta línea ética de reducción de la huella de carbono[6] y sustentada científicamente en el impacto ambiental, se desarrolló una turbina eléctrica de 220 (voltios), 50 (Hz) de corriente alterna (AC), para ser aplicado a motores de ventiladores[7]. Reduce un 59% el consumo de energía eléctrica, medida en kWh (kilo-Watts-hora), que es el modo en que se factura el consumo de energía. Según la Norma IRAM 62480:2017 se obtuvo una EE Tipo: A. Con un consumo de energía inferior a 55% del valor nominal; lo que representa 15 kWh/mes, valor que se calcula durante una (1) hora por día a máxima potencia (25 vatios para el prototipo). Cabe destacar queexisten normasIE[8] de eficiencia energética para motores eléctricos, que no se pudieron constatar, dado que exceden a los recursos disponibles para este trabajo. El objetivo ha consistido en aproximarnos de un modo más simple (tecnología) y económico (costos) a los variadores de frecuencia (VDF)[9] o drivers, que son una tecnología que reduce la energía eléctrica, manteniendo constante la relación tensión/frecuencia (volts/hertz) con una electrónica compleja y costosa (como los transistores bipolares de puerta aislada: IGBTs). Aquí se ha resuelto el problema manteniendo no-constante la relación (V/Hz) con un Triac BT 137 para uso en motores de inducción monofásicos de 220 (V), 50 (Hz) de corriente alterna (AC). Para construir esta tecnología menos costosa (económicamente) y menos compleja (electrónicamente), se analizó la existencia -probada en el mercado-de otras aplicaciones tecnológicas similares, que puedan ser adaptadas y ensambladas a otras tecnologías también existentes; y que este ensamble pueda ser realizado de modo barato y funcional. Este control de potencia para motores a-sincrónicos fue utilizado en un motor sincrónico de tipo PMSM. Las actividades llevadas a cabo para la construcción del prototipo son: adoptar un motor sincrónico de tipo PMSM (con rotor de imanes parmanentes de ferrite) obtenido a partir del estator de una electrobomba de lavavajillas de 65 (watts) de potencia, acoplado a las paletas de un rotor de un motor a-sincrónico de espiras de sombra[10] de microondas; que se controla mecatrónicamente con un control de potencia de disparo por Triac BT137 atenuador de onda de tensión (Voltios) e intensidad de la corriente (Amperios).     [1] International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2017 [On line]. Available:  https://www.iea.org/weo2017/ [Accessed: 25-jan-2019] [2] International Energy Agency. Energy Efficieny. The global exchange for energy efficiency policies, data and analysis [On line]. Available:  https://www.iea.org/topics/energyefficiency [Accessed: 25-jan-2019] [3] International Energy Agency. The Future of Cooling. Opportunities for energy-efficient air conditioning [On line]. Available: https://webstore.iea.org/the-future-of-cooling [Accessed: 25-jan-2019] [4]El uso de aires acondicionados y ventiladores eléctricos para mantenerse fresco representa casi el 20% del total de la electricidad utilizada en los edificios de todo el mundo en la actualidad. [5] CAMMESA, Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista eléctrico [<en línea]. Disponible en: http://portalweb.cammesa.com/default.aspx [Accedido: 25-ene-2019] [6]La huella de carbono se conoce como gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) emitidos por efecto directo o indirecto de un individuo, organización, evento o producto. Tal impacto ambiental es medido llevando a cabo un inventario de emisiones de GEI o un análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV), siguiendo normativas internacionales reconocidas, tales como ISO 14064, PAS 2050 o GHG Protocol entre otras.  [7] Los motores consumen el 46% del total mundial de electricidad (Fuente IEA: Efficiency Series, 2011). [8] La norma IEC 60034-30-1 es la que establece el Código IE de eficiencia en motores eléctricos. [9] La IEC 61800-9-2 se focaliza en la interacción de motores con los variadores de frecuencia (VFD). El 40% y el 60% de todos los sistemas de motores se beneficiarían del uso adecuado de los drivers. [10] Espira de defrager o espira de arranque (espira en cortocircuito).


2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-509
Author(s):  
Nikolay P. Gusakov ◽  
Yulia A. Konovalova ◽  
Sayar Akhmad Reshad

Energy is an integral part of the economic security of any state, and it is more complex, the lower the degree of provision with its mineral resources and the higher the number of the population living in the country. Being the undisputed world leaders in terms of population (1.4 billion people and 1.3 billion people), China and India are concerned about ensuring the energy security of their national economies. According to the latest forecasts formed by the International Energy Agency, by 2040, these two countries will become world leaders in terms of imports of mineral products (in this case: crude oil and natural gas). China is the world leader in exporting goods; India is implementing an economic and industrial policy to turn the country into a world manufacturing hub. In this regard, providing countries with energy resources is one of the most critical tasks. At the same time, a significant problem is a dependence on regular supplies of raw materials and world prices for energy carriers. Respectively, countries should pursue a policy of diversification of suppliers of mineral products. The subject of this study is the Republic of India and its position in the world energy markets; issues of energy security and energy policy are also highlighted.


Author(s):  
Ewa  Abramiuk -Lété

According to the 2011 International Energy Agency data, 60 % of natural gas production in the US comes from unconventional sources. Currently in Europe the commercial production of shale gas has not yet been developed. However, the European Commission estimates that conventional production in those countries which have already made some progress could already start as early as 2015. The 2013 A.T. Kearney report outlines that European resources constitute 7 % of world resources, but the success of shale gas exploration in Europe will depend on a series of economic, political and geographical factors. This paper analyses the potential impact of the development of the shale gas industry in Europe, particularly recoverable potential of shale gas, its impact on the economy, overall EU energy mix, energy prices and the European job market. In addition, the paper briefly discusses the potential impact of shale gas extraction on gas imports and security of supply.


Author(s):  
Altan Kolbay

In this chapter, the correlation of growth in population, economic welfare, and increase in the energy demand is evaluated with examples. The biggest concern of mankind is which sources cover the immense energy demand. It is obvious that fossil fuels are the base energy source, and in order to supply developing energy needs, serious investments are needed in the energy sector. That is why the results of monetary aspects in energy prices and the conditions in leading supplier countries are also evaluated.


2020 ◽  
pp. 313-340
Author(s):  
Srikanth Kondapalli

While it is notable that China has become a member of almost all international organizations (excepting the OECD, International Energy Agency, and Missile Technology Control Regime), much less noticeable has been China’s steadily increasing involvement in regional multilateral organizations and groups of nations. As China has expanded its global footprint into literally every continent and part of the planet, Beijing has sought to join existing institutions in those regions—but what is particularly noteworthy is that China has stimulated and created a wide range of new organizations and regional groupings all around the world. That is what this chapter is about—China’s regional multilateralism. Such Chinese initiatives most notably include: the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Association of Southeast Asian Nations Plus China (ASEAN + 10), Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa (BRICS), Forum for China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), China–Arab States Cooperation Forum (CACF), China–Central and Eastern Europe Countries (CEEC), and a series of groupings in Latin America (China–Latin America Forum, China-Caribbean Economic and Trade Cooperation Forum, China–Latin America Common Market Dialogue, and China–Latin America Business Summit). China has been either the initiator of, or actively engaged in, the creation of all these groupings.


2019 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 04043
Author(s):  
Svetlana Faizullina ◽  
Ainur Isaeva ◽  
Lailya Matkarimova ◽  
Aigul Zhuzbaeva

This article discusses the economic benefits of uranium mining, as well as its environmental and health impacts. Sustainable development includes several aspects: energy, water, the environment, food and the economy, and ensuring each of these aspects is a serious problem. Energy is at the center of other aspects of sustainability, as it has a direct relationship with water, food, and the environment. Uranium is Kazakhstan’s top priority in the global energy market. In the world, there are different opinions on the development of uranium production, increasing the value of atomic energy. Apparently, this should be preceded by a crisis in the field of oil and gas production in recent years, in connection with which the world energy market should have a diversified course depending on various energy sources. Kazakhstan is a country rich in uranium. In addition, over the years of independence, we have increased production almost four times and maintain leadership in the world. Therefore, uranium production is the most important advantage of our global energy space today.


Energy Policy ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 1398-1414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kjell Aleklett ◽  
Mikael Höök ◽  
Kristofer Jakobsson ◽  
Michael Lardelli ◽  
Simon Snowden ◽  
...  

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