Fox control and 1080 baiting conundrums: time to prepare for a CRISPR solution

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Kinnear ◽  
C. Pentland ◽  
N. Moore ◽  
C. J. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Management Option ◽  
Mesopredator Release ◽  
Gene Engineering ◽  
Landscape Of Fear ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Virtual Boundary ◽  
Fox Control ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Control Management

For many years, managing rock-wallaby colonies (Petrogale lateralis lateralis) in the Western Australian Wheatbelt seemed to be a matter of routinely exposing foxes (Vulpes vulpes) to toxic baits (sodium fluoroacetate, 1080®) laid around their rocky outcrops. Recent research has revealed that 1080 baitings are no longer a viable management option. Baiting is flawed over the long term because it does not erase the wallabies’ pervasive fear of being depredated by foxes, which can still make their menacing presence felt before succumbing to poison bait. Accordingly, a ‘landscape of fear’ exists on all rock-wallaby sites, creating a ‘virtual boundary’ beyond which they fear to forage. Severe overgrazing occurs, ultimately causing population crashes, leaving behind devastated outcrops greatly diminished in carrying capacity. The fallout from this scenario produces a management conundrum. Rock-wallaby populations are unstable in the absence of fox control, and conversely, they are also unstable under long-term fox control. Management is now left with few options, and the future of the colonies remains open. Other conundrums involving bait interference and mesopredator release are described. An alternative to 1080 baiting is clearly needed. Recent developments in gene engineering (CRISPR technology) offer a solution in the foreseeable future.

Review of Recent Developments in Surface Nanocrystallization of Metallic Biomaterials

Nanoscale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srijan Acharya ◽  
Satyam Suwas ◽  
Kaushik Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Surface Nanocrystallization ◽  
Metallic Biomaterials ◽  
Recent Developments

Metallic materials are widely used to prepare implants for both short-term and long-term use in the human body. The performance of these implants is greatly influenced by their surface characteristics,...

Landscape-scale disturbances and regeneration in semi-arid woodlands of southwestern Australia

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin J. Yates ◽  
Richard J. Hobbs ◽  
Richard W. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Fragmented Landscapes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Adult Tree ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Semi Arid

Woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus salmonophloia occur both in the fragmented landscapes of the Western Australian wheatbelt and in the adjacent unfragmented goldfields area. We examined the responses of the unfragmented woodlands to landscape-scale disturbances caused by fire, floods, windstorms and drought. Sites known to have experienced disturbances of these types over the past 50 years all had cohorts of sapling-stage E. salmonophloia and other dominant Eucalyptus species. Sites disturbed either by fire, flood or storm during 1991-92 displayed adult tree mortality and extensive seedling establishment, although rates of establishment and survival varied between sites. No regeneration was observed at equivalent undisturbed sites. These results indicate that landscape-scale disturbances of several types are important drivers of the dynamics of these semi-arid woodlands. Lack of regeneration of fragmented woodlands in the wheatbelt is likely to be due to changed disturbance regimes coupled with altered physical and biotic conditions within remnants. We argue that it may be difficult to identify processes which are important for the long-term persistence of natural ecosystems in fragmented landscapes without reference to equivalent unfragmented areas.

scholarly journals The evolving definition of salivary gland stem cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Rocchi ◽  
Lara Barazzuol ◽  
Rob P. Coppes
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Adult Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Research Field ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractDysfunction of the salivary gland and irreversible hyposalivation are the main side effects of radiotherapy treatment for head and neck cancer leading to a drastic decrease of the quality of life of the patients. Approaches aimed at regenerating damaged salivary glands have been proposed as means to provide long-term restoration of tissue function in the affected patients. In studies to elucidate salivary gland regenerative mechanisms, more and more evidence suggests that salivary gland stem/progenitor cell behavior, like many other adult tissues, does not follow that of the hard-wired professional stem cells of the hematopoietic system. In this review, we provide evidence showing that several cell types within the salivary gland epithelium can serve as stem/progenitor-like cells. While these cell populations seem to function mostly as lineage-restricted progenitors during homeostasis, we indicate that upon damage specific plasticity mechanisms might be activated to take part in regeneration of the tissue. In light of these insights, we provide an overview of how recent developments in the adult stem cell research field are changing our thinking of the definition of salivary gland stem cells and their potential plasticity upon damage. These new perspectives may have important implications on the development of new therapeutic approaches to rescue radiation-induced hyposalivation.

scholarly journals Top carnivore decline has cascading effects on scavengers and carrion persistence

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1892) ◽  
pp. 20181582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calum X. Cunningham ◽  
Christopher N. Johnson ◽  
Leon A. Barmuta ◽  
Tracey Hollings ◽  
Eric J. Woehler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Disease ◽  
Tasmanian Devil ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Mesopredator Release ◽  
Landscape Of Fear ◽  
Feral Cat ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Remote Cameras

Top carnivores have suffered widespread global declines, with well-documented effects on mesopredators and herbivores. We know less about how carnivores affect ecosystems through scavenging. Tasmania's top carnivore, the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) , has suffered severe disease-induced population declines, providing a natural experiment on the role of scavenging in structuring communities. Using remote cameras and experimentally placed carcasses, we show that mesopredators consume more carrion in areas where devils have declined. Carcass consumption by the two native mesopredators was best predicted by competition for carrion, whereas consumption by the invasive mesopredator, the feral cat ( Felis catus ), was better predicted by the landscape-level abundance of devils, suggesting a relaxed landscape of fear where devils are suppressed. Reduced discovery of carcasses by devils was balanced by the increased discovery by mesopredators. Nonetheless, carcasses persisted approximately 2.6-fold longer where devils have declined, highlighting their importance for rapid carrion removal. The major beneficiary of increased carrion availability was the forest raven ( Corvus tasmanicus ). Population trends of ravens increased 2.2-fold from 1998 to 2017, the period of devil decline, but this increase occurred Tasmania-wide, making the cause unclear. This case study provides a little-studied potential mechanism for mesopredator release, with broad relevance to the vast areas of the world that have suffered carnivore declines.

Developments in Cyclic Analysis and High Temperature Design

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Carter ◽  
Douglas L. Marriott
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Creep Damage ◽  
Limit Load ◽  
Cyclic Stress ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Stress Classification ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Recent Developments

Design for cyclic loading is emerging as a key question for next generation power systems. Recent developments in techniques for cyclic stress analysis have significant implications for high temperature design. In the same way that limit load analysis is now being used to overcome the difficulties and guesswork of stress classification for steady primary loads, so shakedown and ratcheting analysis can eliminate the more difficult problems of stress classification for cyclic loads. The paper shows how reference stresses defined for shakedown and ratcheting provide rapid and conservative information for design against rupture and creep damage, deformation and strain accumulation, and ratcheting. These techniques will provide additional insights to designers and are likely to augment rather than replace, existing options. These ideas have existed in the research literature for some time, but have now become more accessible by the general industry with a new analysis technique in a commercial finite element code. Examples are given which demonstrate the methodology for nozzles having non-thermal secondary stresses, and prediction of long-term distortion in thermal shock problems.

scholarly journals Anterior Shoulder Dislocation

2009 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Cutts ◽  
Mark Prempeh ◽  
Steven Drew
Keyword(s):  
Shoulder Dislocation ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Anterior Dislocation ◽  
Anterior Shoulder Dislocation ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Shoulder Arthritis ◽  
Delays In Diagnosis

INTRODUCTION Anterior dislocation of the shoulder is commonly seen in accident and emergency (A&E) and trauma clinics. In this article, we review the existing literature on the injury and the recent trends in management. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have discussed this condition with our colleagues and performed a Medline search (‘anterior shoulder dislocation’) of the relevant papers. We also describe key historical publications and recent developments regarding immobilisation of the joint. RESULTS Management decisions regarding this condition continue to vary between units, especially for recurrent and posterior dislocation. This paper lays some emphasis on the choice of analgesic agent when attempting shoulder reduction in the A&E setting. A summary of the data from our own department has provided a graphical representation of the classical age and sex distribution for this condition. CONCLUSIONS Shoulder dislocation is a common injury. Delays in diagnosis remain the single biggest obstacle to optimum results in this group of patients. A significant proportion will require eventual surgery and up to a third of these patients will go on to develop long-term shoulder arthritis. Even patients who have experienced a single episode of dislocation may go on to develop long-term sequelae.

Strategic Ethnography and the Biography of Artefacts

2013 ◽  
pp. 347-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Pollock ◽  
Robin Williams
Keyword(s):  
Enterprise Resource Planning ◽  
Technology Implementation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Work Organisation ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Enterprise Resource Planning Systems ◽  
Recent Developments

In health research and services, and in many other domains, the authors note the emergence of large-scale information systems intended for long-term use with multiple users and uses. These e-infrastructures are becoming more widespread and pervasive and, by enabling effective sharing of information and coordination of activities between diverse, dispersed groups, are expected to transform knowledge-based work. Social scientists have sought to analyse the significance of these systems and the processes by which they are created. Much current attention has been drawn to the often-problematic experience of those attempting to establish them. By contrast, this chapter is inspired by concerns about the theoretical and methodological weakness of many studies of technology and work organisation—particularly the dominance of relatively short-term, often single site studies of technology implementation. These weaknesses are particularly acute in relation to the analysis of infrastructural technologies. The authors explore the relevance to such analysis of recent developments in what they call the Biography of Artefacts (BoA) perspective—which emphasises the value of strategic ethnography: theoretically-informed, multi-site, and longitudinal studies. They seek to draw insights from a programme of empirical research into the long-term evolution of corporate e-infrastructures (reflected in current Enterprise Resource Planning systems) and review some new conceptual tools arising from recent research into e-Infrastructures (e-Is). These are particularly relevant to understanding the current and ongoing difficulties encountered in attempts to develop large-scale Health Infrastructures.

The Long Road to Universalism? Recent Developments in the Financing of Long-Term Care in England

2011 ◽  
pp. 19-34
Author(s):  
Adelina Comas-Herrera ◽  
Raphael Wittenberg ◽  
Linda Pickard
Keyword(s):  
Long Term Care ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Recent Developments

Solitary Confinement across Borders

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Sharon Shalev
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prison System ◽  
Solitary Confinement ◽  
Management Units ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Close Supervision ◽  
Recent Developments

This chapter looks at the use of solitary confinement in three jurisdictions where the author has conducted research: England and Wales, New Zealand, and the United States. It asks when and why prisoners are placed in solitary confinement in these jurisdictions, and what are the conditions of their confinement. The chapter's main focus is on the long-term use of solitary confinement as a tool for managing individuals classified and labeled as the most dangerous or troublesome in the prison system, including in New Zealand's Management Units and England and Wales’s Close Supervision Centres. Finally, it examines recent developments and asks what learning there might be for other jurisdictions.

Antimicrobial Applications of Nanoparticles

2022 ◽  
pp. 269-288
Author(s):  
Ayesha Kanwal ◽  
Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta ◽  
Ambreen Ashar ◽  
Ashar Mahfooz ◽  
Rizwan Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Antibacterial Agent ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
The Other ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Human Mortality ◽  
Recent Developments

Human mortality due to drug-resistant infections is becoming more prevalent in our society. Antibiotics are impotent due to abuse and/or misuse, leading to new, more expensive, and more effective medicines and treatments. Therefore, it causes many short-term and long-term side effects in the patient. On the other hand, nanoparticles have exhibited antibacterial activity against various pathogens due to their small size and ability to destroy cells by various mechanisms. Unlike antibiotics for the treatment of patients' diseases and infections, nanomaterials provide an exciting way to limit the growth of microorganisms due to infections in humans. This has led to the development of a number of nanoparticles as active antibacterial agents. Therefore, the authors have carefully reviewed the recent developments in the use of nanomaterials for antibacterial applications and the mechanisms that make them an effective alternate antibacterial agent.

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