Multi-site evaluation on acid soils of a Phalaris aquatica × P. arundinacea × P. aquatica backcross population bred for acid soil tolerance

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Culvenor ◽  
J. T. Wood ◽  
A. L. Avery ◽  
W. Dempsey ◽  
S. E. McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Ph Profile ◽  
Backcross Population ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Acid Soil Tolerance ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
North Eastern

Half-sib families in the AT98 Phalaris aquatica × P. arundinacea × P. aquatica backcross population bred for acid soil tolerance were compared for establishment, persistence, and yield with phalaris (P. aquatica L.) controls and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L. cv. Porto) at 4 sites in south-eastern Australia with the aim of selecting the parents of a new cultivar. The sites had strongly acid soils but differed in parent material, pH profile, soil fertility, and suitability for phalaris. Establishment by AT98 was clearly superior to all phalaris controls and similar to cocksfoot in an acid soil high in Al to depth at Chiltern, north-eastern Victoria, after sowing in early spring 2000. It was considered likely that better establishment by AT98 was due to its higher Al tolerance. In contrast, little variation in establishment was observed at 3 other sites sown in late autumn 1999, possibly due to a longer period free of moisture stress compared with the later sown Chiltern site. Once established, the control cultivars of phalaris at the autumn-sown sites in general persisted and yielded similarly to the mean of the AT98 families. Significant family variation was observed and predicted heritability on a family mean basis was high for persistence measured as basal frequency and moderately high for yield in the third year. Family by site interaction was relatively low for both attributes. A cultivar based on the best families should give more reliable establishment on acid soils high in Al under conditions where rapid root growth to depth is needed for survival, and give more flexibility of sowing date on these soils. Its best performance relative to cv. Landmaster in terms of third-year yield was predicted to occur on granite-derived soils in north-eastern Victoria.

Persistence traits in perennial pasture grasses: the case of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Culvenor ◽  
R. J. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Eastern Australia

Persistence is consistently claimed by Australian farmers as a high priority for perennial grasses in long-term pastures. Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) is a productive perennial grass with proven persistence in south-eastern Australia. Nevertheless, factors that determine the persistence of pasture species in southern Australia related to climate (drought), soil (acidity), grazing pressure, and, importantly, their interaction can reduce persistence of phalaris and other species in various situations. These factors and their interactions are discussed in this review, and strategies to improve persistence with emphasis on plant breeding approaches are considered, with the most durable outcomes achieved when breeding and management options are employed concurrently. Two examples of breeding to improve persistence traits in phalaris are described. A program to improve acid-soil tolerance resulted first in the release of cv. Landmaster, and recently Advanced AT, which is the most aluminium (Al)-tolerant cultivar of phalaris to date. It was bred by recurrent selection on acid soils in a population containing genes from a related, more Al-tolerant species, P. arundinacea. The higher Al tolerance of cv. Advanced AT is of most benefit in more assured establishment on acid soils under variable moisture conditions and confers improved flexibility of sowing date. Cultivar Holdfast GT was bred to address complaints of poor persistence under heavy grazing by cultivars of the highly productive, winter-active type, since high grazing tolerance is needed to achieve profitable returns from developed pastureland. Evidence of good persistence under grazing for cv. Holdfast GT and possible tradeoffs with productivity are discussed. Maintaining high productivity under a predicted higher incidence of drought stress (climate change) and increasing areas of acid soils presents ongoing challenges for persistence in pastures.

Improving the tolerance of Phalaris aquatica L. to soil acidity by introgression of genes from P. arundinacea L

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 657 ◽  
Author(s):  
RN Oram ◽  
AM Ridley ◽  
MJ Hill ◽  
J Hunter ◽  
DA Hedges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Site ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Backcross Population ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Backcross Hybrids ◽  
Acid Tolerant

A comparison was made of the growth on acid and non-acid soils near Canberra of 66 lines in Phalaris aquatica, in seven other Phalaris species which can be crossed with P. aquatica and in seven allopolyploid or backcross hybrids involving P. aquatica. The yield of tops by mid-spring on the strongly acid site was only 20% of that on the mildly acid site. Some variation was apparent among the 38 P. aquatica accessions and cultivars, but some P. arundinacea accessions and hybrids were less inhibited by acidity than any P. aquatica line. Fifty plants from the first or second backcross of four P. aquatica X P. arundinacea hybrids to P. aquatica were selected for their capability of producing a large root system in a nutrient solution containing 10 mg aluminium per L at pH 4.1. On acid soils near Bendigo, Seymour, Benalla and Canberra, offsets of seven of these backcross plants were rated as growing significantly larger at the end of the first growing season than plants of Sirosa, Sirolan and Uneta phalaris, Porto and Currie cocksfoot, Demeter and Melik tall fescue and of Victorian and Brumby perennial ryegrass. However, two of the backcross genotypes appeared to be significantly smaller than the phalaris and cocksfoot controls. Thus, factors in addition to excess aluminium appear to affect the growth of phalaris in these soils, but some backcross genotypes tolerate these adverse conditions. Four of the productive, acid-tolerant genotypes survived the first summer, regenerated vigorously in the following autumn, were palatable to sheep in test grazings over two summers at Armidale, N.S.W., and also were fertile and retained some of the ripe seed in their panicles. Therefore, it seems probable that phalaris cultivars for acid soils in south-eastern Australia can be selected from later generations of the backcross population.

scholarly journals Uji Pendahuluan Genotipe-genotipe Kedelai Hasil Seleksi In Vitro terhadap Cekaman Aluminium dan pH Rendah

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Arief Vivi Noviati ◽  
Sri Hutami ◽  
Ika Mariska ◽  
Endang Sjamsudin
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Mutation Breeding ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Major Constraint ◽  
Gamma Irradiated

<p class="p1">Aluminum toxicity is a major constraint to soybean production in acid soils. Since variabilities on Al tolerance in plants are very limited, mutation breeding, and <em>in vitro </em>selection were used to increase the variability. Three soyben genotypes were produced from cultivars Wilis and Sindoro that have been gamma irradiated and selected <em>in vitro </em>for their tolerance to Al on Al and low pH media. These genotypes and their original cultivars were then planted in a greenhouse in an acid soil on May 2001. The results showed that the plant performances were varied, some were shorter and more compact than the original. Based on the yield components, a number of plants from the genotypes showed higher than those of the control cultivars. These plants were considered more tolerant to Al than the original cultivars.</p>

scholarly journals Karakter Root Re-Growth Sebagai Parameter Toleransi Aluminium pada Tanaman Padi

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Dewi Indriyani Roslim ◽  
Miftahudin Miftahudin ◽  
Utut Suharsono ◽  
Hajrial Aswidinnoor ◽  
Alex Hartana
Keyword(s):  
Upland Rice ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
F2 Population ◽  
Nutrient Culture ◽  
Plant Breeding Program

Aluminum (Al) is one of the major limited factors in crop production on acid soils. Aluminum tolerant plants can beselected from plant breeding program by one of the physiological parameters representing Al tolerance character,such as root re-growth capability during recovery from the Al-stress. In this study we determined the concentrationand time exposure of Al stress that was able to differentiate the response of three local upland rice varieties(Grogol, Hawarabunar and Krowal) and an Al-sensitive rice variety (IR64) to Al-stress, and evaluated the effectivenessof root re-growth (RRG) characters as an Al tolerance parameter in rice. The study consisted of three experiments,which were 1) nutrient culture experiment with different Al concentration treatments in growth chamber, 2) potexperiment in greenhouse using Jasinga yellow red podzolic acid soil containing 26,66 me/100 g Al and pH 4,6 asplanting media, and 3) phenotyping of F2 population using RRG character. The results showed that Al treatment at15 ppm for 72 h was able to distinctly differentiate between Al-tolerant (Grogol and Hawarabunar) and Al-sensitivevarieties (Krowal and IR64). Planting of the rice varieties on acid soils showed similar result as that of the nutrientculture. Phenotyping of F2 population using RRG character indicated the existence of RRG value variation. Thesevariations demonstrated that RRG character can be used as an Al tolerance parameter in rice and therefore can beeffectively applied to screen rice F2 population that segregate to Al tolerance character.

Sustainable grazing systems for the Central Tablelands of New South Wales. 1. Agronomic implications of vegetation - environment associations within a naturalised temperate perennial grassland

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. McG. King ◽  
P. M. Dowling ◽  
D. L. Michalk ◽  
D. R. Kemp ◽  
G. D. Millar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Winter Annual

Temperate perennial grass-based pastures dominate the high rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia and support a major livestock production industry. This area has experienced a recent change in overall pasture condition, however, typified by a reduction in the abundance of perennial grasses and an increasingly prominent winter-annual grass weed component. Improving the condition and productivity of these pastures can be achieved by improved management but this requires better knowledge of the interactions between management options and pasture species composition and of the interaction between pasture vegetation and the complex effects of a heterogeneous landscape. This paper reports the results of an intensive survey of a 60-ha paddock that was designed to identify the species present, determine their patterns of distribution and examine the relationships between pasture vegetation and the environment. The survey of species present in late summer was supplemented by the identification of seedlings that later emerged from extracted soil cores and by soil physical and chemical analyses. Data were analysed using ordination and interpreted with GIS software so that topographic features could be considered. The most frequently identified taxa were Hypochaeris radicata, Austrodanthonia spp. and Bothriochloa spp. (in late summer) and Vulpia spp., Bromus molliformis and Trifolium subterraneum (winter-annual species). Austrodanthonia spp. were commonly found on the drier ridges and more acid soils with lower phosphate levels. These were also the areas dominated in spring by Vulpia spp. and were generally lower in plant species richness overall. The most species-rich areas occurred downslope where soil fertility was higher and less moisture stress was presumably experienced. The measured environmental factors explained a substantial proportion of the variation in the vegetation dataset, which underlined the importance of considering landscape effects in the management of typical tablelands pastures.

FIELD EVALUATION OF TISSUE CULTURE DERIVED SORGHUM FOR INCREASED TOLERANCE TO ACID SOILS AND DROUGHT STRESS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 997-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. WASKOM ◽  
D. R. MILLER ◽  
G. E. HANNING ◽  
R. R. DUNCAN ◽  
R. L. VOIGT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Acid Soil Tolerance

Plant tissue culture is being recognized as an important tool for generating useful variants for crop improvement. The objective of this research was to determine if improved tolerance to acid soil and drought stress can be generated in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] through tissue culture. Two environments were used to screen for enhanced field tolerance: (1) a low pH field in Griffin, Georgia for testing acid soil stress tolerance, and (2) an arid environment in Yuma, Arizona for testing drought stress tolerance. A population of 212 R1 sorghum lines from tissue cultures of Hegari and Tx430 were increased in 1986. Screening was then conducted in both environments during 1987. Selected entries which showed improved tolerance were advanced and re-tested during 1988. From this original population, four lines were identified as having improved acid soil tolerance and five lines were identified as having improved drought tolerance as compared to the non-regenerated checks. Three of these lines performed better than the non-regenerated checks under both acid soil and drought stress conditions. These results indicate that somaclonal variants for increased tolerance to environmental stresses can be generated in tissue culture and be selected under proper field conditions.Key words: Sorghum bicolor, somaclonal variation, drought tolerance, acid soil tolerance, tissue culture

Evaluasi Galur Kedelai Transgenik Toleran Aluminium pada Fasilitas Uji Terbatas

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saptowo J. Pardal ◽  
Suharsono Suharsono
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Acid Tolerance ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Soil Media

Some acid soil is potential for the agricultural development. Constraints for soybean production in the acid soils are Aluminum toxicity and macro nutrient deficiencies. Breeding for soybean varieties tolerant to acid soil is needed. This could be made through genetic engineering, by inserting acid tolerance genes into a soybean genome. Thirty one soybean lines (T0) had been obtained by insertion of Al tolerance genes (MaMt2) through an Agrobacterium mediated transformation, which nine of them contained MaMt2 gene based on PCR test. Further evaluation of those lines was carried out in the Biosafety Containment, where four T1 soybean lines were carrying MaMt2 gene, namely line GM2, GM5, GM10 and GM14. The study was aimed to evaluate the degree of tolerance of T2 generation of GM2, GM5, GM10 and GM14 lines to Al toxicity. Results showed that T2 line were able to grow in hygromicin media, indicating that those T2 lines were containing hygromicin resistant gene (hptII). Phenotypic analysis of T2 lines in four acid soil media treatments indicated that all lines could survive and grow on acid soil without liming and adding compost. GM2 line grew best on the acid medium than did other lines.

scholarly journals Characterisation of Sardinian germplasm of the perennial pasture grass Phalaris aquatica

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 850
Author(s):  
Richard A. Culvenor ◽  
Stuart Kemp ◽  
Kevin F. M. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soils ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
Heavy Grazing ◽  
Eastern Australia

Germplasm of the perennial pasture grass Phalaris aquatica L., from Sardinia, Italy, is a potentially valuable source for grass breeders owing to climatic similarities to regions where P. aquatica is used, a relatively high incidence of acidic soils, and exposure to prolonged grazing pressure. At field sites in south-eastern Australia, Sardinian accessions were compared as spaced plants and drill-rows with accessions from southern Europe and north-western Africa and with commercial cultivars. They were also evaluated in grazed swards at three sites over 4 years under conditions that challenge persistence, including heavy grazing pressure, acid soils and drought. Morphologically, the accessions were comparatively dense, fine and short, with similarities to southern European accessions and cultivars of the cv. Australian type. However, they were earlier heading and more summer-dormant, particularly those from southern Sardinia. In drill-rows, Sardinian accessions were later heading and less productive in winter than accessions from Morocco. In swards, Sardinian accessions had lower seedling vigour and winter growth potential than modern winter-active cultivars. However, they were dense and persistent under high grazing pressure, and some accessions survived better than all cultivars on an acid, low-fertility soil. Developing cultivars that are superior to the cv. Australian type with acceptable seed production and alkaloid levels presents a challenge to breeders. However Sardinian germplasm offers a range of maturity times combined with higher levels of summer dormancy and a grazing-tolerant morphology, attributes that may expand the area of adaptation of the species into the hotter and more drought-prone margin.

Assessing the role of genetics for improving the yield of Australia’s major grain crops on acid soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Acid Soil Tolerance ◽  
Application Rates

Acid soils (pH <5.0) continue to limit the yields of Australia’s major crops and restrict their cultivation. These soils pose various abiotic stresses that restrict or affect plant growth in different ways. Chief among these stresses is aluminium (Al3+) toxicity, which inhibits root growth. Soil acidification can occur naturally but certain agricultural practices accelerate the process. The most effective management practice for slowing and reversing acidification is the application of lime (calcium carbonate). Liming has increased over the last 25 years but it can take several years to ameliorate subsoil acidity and the application rates in some areas remain too low to avoid further acidification. If left unmanaged, acidification will degrade agricultural land and cause larger yield losses in the future. Crops that are better adapted to acid soils are important resources because they help to maintain production while amelioration efforts continue. Significant genotypic variation for acid-soil tolerance has been reported in wheat, barley and pulse species and improvements to yield are likely by pyramiding the optimal genetic loci controlling this trait through breeding. Further increases in production might also be possible with wider crosses to related species and through genetic engineering. This review assesses the potential of genetics and biotechnology for increasing the yields of Australia’s major grain crops on acid soils.

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