Assessing the role of genetics for improving the yield of Australia’s major grain crops on acid soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Acid Soil Tolerance ◽  
Application Rates

Acid soils (pH <5.0) continue to limit the yields of Australia’s major crops and restrict their cultivation. These soils pose various abiotic stresses that restrict or affect plant growth in different ways. Chief among these stresses is aluminium (Al3+) toxicity, which inhibits root growth. Soil acidification can occur naturally but certain agricultural practices accelerate the process. The most effective management practice for slowing and reversing acidification is the application of lime (calcium carbonate). Liming has increased over the last 25 years but it can take several years to ameliorate subsoil acidity and the application rates in some areas remain too low to avoid further acidification. If left unmanaged, acidification will degrade agricultural land and cause larger yield losses in the future. Crops that are better adapted to acid soils are important resources because they help to maintain production while amelioration efforts continue. Significant genotypic variation for acid-soil tolerance has been reported in wheat, barley and pulse species and improvements to yield are likely by pyramiding the optimal genetic loci controlling this trait through breeding. Further increases in production might also be possible with wider crosses to related species and through genetic engineering. This review assesses the potential of genetics and biotechnology for increasing the yields of Australia’s major grain crops on acid soils.

FIELD EVALUATION OF TISSUE CULTURE DERIVED SORGHUM FOR INCREASED TOLERANCE TO ACID SOILS AND DROUGHT STRESS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 997-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. WASKOM ◽  
D. R. MILLER ◽  
G. E. HANNING ◽  
R. R. DUNCAN ◽  
R. L. VOIGT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Acid Soil Tolerance

Plant tissue culture is being recognized as an important tool for generating useful variants for crop improvement. The objective of this research was to determine if improved tolerance to acid soil and drought stress can be generated in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] through tissue culture. Two environments were used to screen for enhanced field tolerance: (1) a low pH field in Griffin, Georgia for testing acid soil stress tolerance, and (2) an arid environment in Yuma, Arizona for testing drought stress tolerance. A population of 212 R1 sorghum lines from tissue cultures of Hegari and Tx430 were increased in 1986. Screening was then conducted in both environments during 1987. Selected entries which showed improved tolerance were advanced and re-tested during 1988. From this original population, four lines were identified as having improved acid soil tolerance and five lines were identified as having improved drought tolerance as compared to the non-regenerated checks. Three of these lines performed better than the non-regenerated checks under both acid soil and drought stress conditions. These results indicate that somaclonal variants for increased tolerance to environmental stresses can be generated in tissue culture and be selected under proper field conditions.Key words: Sorghum bicolor, somaclonal variation, drought tolerance, acid soil tolerance, tissue culture

Screening wheat genotypes for tolerance of soil acidity

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 445 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Tang ◽  
M. Nuruzzaman ◽  
Z. Rengel
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Subsoil Acidity

A soil-based screening method was used to test tolerance of wheat genotypes to acidity. Plants were grown for 6 days in an acid soil with the pH adjusted to 3.9–5.8. The number and length of roots were measured. To validate the method, 12 wheat cultivars of known acidity tolerance and one acid-sensitive barley cultivar were grown on an acid soil in the field with or without amelioration of subsoil acidity. The relative yields of these wheat genotypes on the soil with subsoil acidity ranged from 50 to 89% of yields on soil without subsoil acidity, and were correlated with root growth parameters obtained in the glasshouse. The best correlation was obtained between relative yields in the field (y) and root length per plant (x) at pH 3.9 in the glasshouse (y = –43 + 52*log x, r = 0.95) or root length per plant at pH 3.9 as a percentage of root length at pH 4.8 (y = 1.2 + 46*log x, r = 0.94). Following validation of the glasshouse screening method in the field, 115 wheat genotypes, including cultivars and breeding lines, were screened in the glasshouse. A substantial genotypic variation in acidity tolerance was found, with root length per plant at pH 3.9 ranging from 66 to > 350 mm. Many Western Australian breeding lines displayed better tolerance than existing tolerant wheat cultivars. The screening system can be instrumental in breeding wheat for increased tolerance to acid soils.

scholarly journals Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Sustainable Land Use Management by Nature-Based Solution (NbS) in the Common Agricultural Policy Actions: A Case Study on the Foglia River Basin (Marche Region, Italy)

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Elisa Morri ◽  
Riccardo Santolini
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Land Use Management ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Human Wellbeing

Agricultural land is a very important ecosystem that provides a range of services like food, maintenance of soil structure, and hydrological services with high ecological value to human wellbeing Ecosystem Services (ESs). Understanding the contribution of different agricultural practices to supply ESs would help inform choices about the most beneficial land use management. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are defined by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) as actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural or modified ecosystems, which address societal challenges (e.g., climate change, food and water security, or natural disasters) effectively and adaptively, while simultaneously providing human wellbeing and biodiversity benefits. Some actions farmers can implement in the new Rural Development Programs (RDP 2021–2022 and 2023–2027) can be considered as NbS and could affect the quantity, quality, and time of some ESs related to water regulation and supply, N adsorption and erosion protection. This study aims to evaluate these ESs in different scenarios in the upper Foglia river basin (Italy) and at a local scale (farming), and to highlight the issue to compensate farmers for the production of public goods which benefit the whole society (ESs) by the implementation of RDP’s actions. These scenarios highlight how actions have positive effects on ecosystem services and their economic value related to land use management, on maintaining agricultural practices by integrating Water Frame Directive (2000/60/EC), Directive 2007/60/EC on the management of flood risks and highlighting the potential role of farmers in a high diversity landscape. This study highlights a new way to evaluate the processes of natural capital in the production of public goods, which benefits the whole society (ESs), by emphasizing the economic and environmental role of farmers in producing them and putting on the table data to trigger a PES (Payment for Ecosystem Services) mechanism. To facilitate decision making, robust decision support tools are needed, underpinned by comprehensive cost-benefit analyses and spatially modeling in which agriculture can be a strategic sector to optimize food production and environmental protection in harmony with the Farm to Fork (F2F) strategy.

Multi-site evaluation on acid soils of a Phalaris aquatica × P. arundinacea × P. aquatica backcross population bred for acid soil tolerance

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Culvenor ◽  
J. T. Wood ◽  
A. L. Avery ◽  
W. Dempsey ◽  
S. E. McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Ph Profile ◽  
Backcross Population ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Acid Soil Tolerance ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
North Eastern

Half-sib families in the AT98 Phalaris aquatica × P. arundinacea × P. aquatica backcross population bred for acid soil tolerance were compared for establishment, persistence, and yield with phalaris (P. aquatica L.) controls and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L. cv. Porto) at 4 sites in south-eastern Australia with the aim of selecting the parents of a new cultivar. The sites had strongly acid soils but differed in parent material, pH profile, soil fertility, and suitability for phalaris. Establishment by AT98 was clearly superior to all phalaris controls and similar to cocksfoot in an acid soil high in Al to depth at Chiltern, north-eastern Victoria, after sowing in early spring 2000. It was considered likely that better establishment by AT98 was due to its higher Al tolerance. In contrast, little variation in establishment was observed at 3 other sites sown in late autumn 1999, possibly due to a longer period free of moisture stress compared with the later sown Chiltern site. Once established, the control cultivars of phalaris at the autumn-sown sites in general persisted and yielded similarly to the mean of the AT98 families. Significant family variation was observed and predicted heritability on a family mean basis was high for persistence measured as basal frequency and moderately high for yield in the third year. Family by site interaction was relatively low for both attributes. A cultivar based on the best families should give more reliable establishment on acid soils high in Al under conditions where rapid root growth to depth is needed for survival, and give more flexibility of sowing date on these soils. Its best performance relative to cv. Landmaster in terms of third-year yield was predicted to occur on granite-derived soils in north-eastern Victoria.

Soil amendments modify phosphate sorption in an acid soil: the importance of P source (KH2PO4, TSP, DAP)

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Schefe ◽  
A. F. Patti ◽  
T. S. Clune ◽  
W. R. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
Organic Complexes ◽  
Counter Ions ◽  
P Sources

Soil acidity is a widespread problem in Victoria, Australia, affecting at least 4 million ha of agricultural land. Soil amendments such as lime and organic materials may ameliorate acid soils, resulting in raised soil pH and increased availability of plant nutrients such as phosphorus (P). The addition of lime, lignite, and compost significantly modified P sorption in an acid soil, with the degree of change highly dependent upon the source of P applied. The application of 2.5 t/ha of lime increased P sorption for all P sources, while P sorption was decreased in the lignite and compost treatments when di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) was applied. Lime and compost addition increased the solution pH, with no change in pH in the lignite treatment. Addition of TSP decreased the pH in all treatments, while DAP addition only increased solution pH in the untreated soil and the lignite treatment. The addition of soil amendments had a significant effect on solution cation concentrations, due to both the influx of cations, and the resultant changes in solution pH. The source of P applied (KH2PO4, TSP (triple superphosphate), DAP) also had a significant effect due to both the counter-ions present and the pH of each P source (e.g. TSP pH 2.7; DAP pH 7.4). The lignite treatment decreased total P sorption relative to the other amendments. The combination of lignite and DAP resulted in both the greatest decrease in P sorption, and the formation of soluble Al–organic complexes. Therefore, a combination of lignite and DAP may be of use in decreasing P sorption in acid soils.

Artificial intelligence and the management transformation

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-612
Author(s):  
L.F. Nikulin ◽  
V.V. Velikorossov ◽  
S.A. Filin ◽  
A.B. Lanchakov
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Scientific School ◽  
Strategic Culture ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
And Training

Subject. The article discusses how management transforms as artificial intelligence gets more important in governance, production and social life. Objectives. We identify and substantiate trends in management transformation as artificial intelligence evolves and gets more important in governance, production and social life. The article also provides our suggestions for management and training of managers dealing with artificial intelligence. Methods. The study employs methods of logic research, analysis and synthesis through the systems and creative approach, methodology of technological waves. Results. We analyzed the scope of management as is and found that threats and global challenges escalate due to the advent of artificial intelligence. We provide the rationale for recognizing the strategic culture as the self-organizing system of business process integration. We suggest and substantiate the concept of soft power with reference to strategic culture, which should be raised, inter alia, through the scientific school of conflict studies. We give our recommendations on how management and training of managers should be improved in dealing with artificial intelligence as it evolves. The novelty hereof is that we trace trends in management transformation as the role of artificial intelligence evolves and growth in governance, production and social life. Conclusions and Relevance. Generic solutions are not very effective for the Russian management practice during the transition to the sixth and seventh waves of innovation. Any programming product represents artificial intelligence, which simulates a personality very well, though unable to substitute a manager in motivating, governing and interacting with people.

The impact of land reform on the development of united territorial communities

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Tamara Smovzhenko ◽  
Oryslava Korkuna ◽  
Ivan Korkuna ◽  
Ulyana Khromyak
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Public Lands ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
The Public ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Practical Research ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Land Code

Nowadays, according to decentralization and current legislation (Land Code of Ukraine, Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Law of Ukraine «On Self-Governance»), the public lands have been transferred to the CTCs since 1 February 2018. In 2018/2019, 788 CTCs received communal ownership of 1.68 ha of public lands. According to the Draft Law «On Amendments to Several Legal Documents of Ukraine on Agricultural Lands Turnover», the consolidated territorial communities become the legal entities and can acquire property rights to agricultural land plots. Therefore, transferring the lands to be used by the newly created CTCs is currently an urgent issue that requires extended scientific and practical research. The paper aims to research the role of land reform in Ukraine and its impact on increase of CTCs’ budget revenues. The stages of land reform and the development of the land reform in Ukraine as well as its implementation strategy are outlined. The disparities of the integrated satellite map and the data of the Land Cadaster of Ukraine in terms of unregistered lands are defined. The amount of a CTC budget’s increased revenues due to the reform is estimated. Statistical data on small, medium, and large farmers and their interest in the land reform are analyzed. The terms of selling the land to foreign investors and conditions of participation in land auctions are examined. The mechanisms of land purchase, selling, and lease in line with the land reform are suggested. Generalizing the presented aspects of the land reform in Ukraine and their impact on economic activity of the newly created CTCs, it can be argued that the process is quite positive and necessary for both communities and businesses in order to get additional budget revenues for CTCs. The land reform improves the living standards of Ukrainian people through the disclosure of the country’s agricultural capacity.

The Role of Ecopedological Parameters in Management Sustainability of Banat Lands

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 688-692
Author(s):  
Lucian Nita ◽  
Dorin Tarau ◽  
Gheorghe Rogobete ◽  
Simona Nita ◽  
Radu Bertici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Physical State ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
South West ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Laboratory Investigations ◽  
Case Basis

The issue addressed relates to an area of 1891694 ha of which 1183343 ha are agricultural land (62, 56) located in the south-west of Romania and refer to the use of soil chemical and physical properties as an acceptor for certain crop systems, with minimal undesirable effects both for plants to be grown, as well as soil characteristics and groundwater surface quality. It is therefore necessary on a case-by-case basis, measure stoc or rect the acidic reaction by periodic or alkaline calculations, the improvement of plant nutrition conditions through ameliorative fertilization and the application of measures to improve the physical state, sufficient justification for the need to develop short and long term strategies for the protection and conservation of edifying factors and the need to respect the frequency of field and laboratory investigations at all 8x8 km grids of the National Soil-Grounds Monitoring System (organized by I.C.P.A.) and completing it with the relevant pedological and agrochemical studies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document