Effects of field infestations of gastrointestinal helminths and of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) on growth of three breeds of cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
HG Turner ◽  
AJ Short
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminths ◽  
Tick Count ◽  
Helminth Eggs ◽  
Breed Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tick Resistance

Approximately equal numbers of Shorthorn x Hereford (British), Africander x British, and Brahman x British yearlings (all F3-F4 generations), totalling 117, were run together on one pasture. One-third of each breed type was dipped every 3 weeks to control ticks, one-third was given injectable tetramizole at the same intervals to control gastrointestinal helminths, and one-third was untreated. The estimated increases in gains in body weight in 27 weeks due to dipping were 10 kg (10%) in Africander cross and 3 kg (3%) in Brahman cross animals (neither significant), but 27 kg (46%) in Shorthorn–Herefords (P 0.001). Anthelmintic treatment increased gains by 22 kg (22%) in the Africander cross (P < 0.001), and 1 kg (1%) in the Brahman cross group (not significant), and 18 kg (30%) in the Shorthorn–Herefords (P < 0.01). The differential breed responses to the presence of ticks were accounted for by differences in the numbers of female ticks maturing. The Africander and Brahman cross animals carried a mean of 20–30 ticks per side ompared with75–100 on Shorthorn–Herefords, and had higher repeatability of counts on individual animals. The regression of weight gain on tick count between animals within infested groups was similar to that between infested and dipped groups. There was no breed difference in counts of helminth eggs in faeces. There were significant differences between animals but they were not correlated with weight gain. Tick burdens were moderately high. Helminth egg counts were low. In these circumstances and under the pasture conditions represented, tick resistance accounted for 40% of the superiority in growth of the Brahman cross or Africander cross over Shorthorn–Herefords, and tolerance of helminths accounted for none of the difference between Africander cross and Shorthorn–Herefords, for 25–40% of the difference between Brahman cross and Shorthorn–Herefords, and for more than the observed difference between Brahman and Africander crosses. The effects of both parasites on growth, and the importance of differential responses of breeds, are conditioned by environmental conditions, notably nutrition.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Kinerja Pertumbuhan Sapi Silangan Belgian Blue dan Peranakan Ongole

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-141
Author(s):  
Jakaria Jakaria ◽  
Edwar Edwar ◽  
Mokhamad Fakhrul Ulum ◽  
Rudy Priyanto
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Cross Breeding ◽  
Daily Body Weight ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRAK. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi kinerja pertumbuhan sapi persilangan Belgian Blue (BB) dan sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO) pada turunan pertama (F1). Sapi persilangan (BB dan PO) yang digunakan sebanyak 15 ekor terdiri atas jantan 6 ekor dan betina 9 ekor, selain itu digunakan 8 ekor sapi PO betina yang dipelihara di Balai Embrio Ternak (BET) Cipelang Bogor. Peubah yang diamati adalah bobot lahir (BW), bobot sapih (WW) 205 hari, bobot 1 tahun (YW), pertambahan bobot badan harian dari lahir (GBW) sampai sapih (GWW) dan pertambahan bobot badan harian dari sapih (GWW) sampai umur 1 tahun (GYW). Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan perbedaan antar sapi silangan (BB-PO) dengan sapi PO dilakukan uji t. Hasil analisis bobot badan dan pertumbuhan menunjukkan bahwa, bobot badan sapi silangan BB dan PO lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan sapi PO pada WW 205 hari (165,2±21,3 kg dan 115±15,2 kg), YW (365 hari) (240,7±28,1 kg dan 194,9±26,1 kg) dan GBW sampai GWW (0,675±0,097 kg dan 0,441±0,059 kg). BW dan GWW sampai GYW tidak berbeda antara sapi silangan BB-PO dengan PO. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa program cross-breeding sapi BB dengan PO dapat meningkatkan kinerja bobot badan dan pertumbuhan.  (Growth performance evaluation of belgian blue and ongole crossbreed) ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth performance of cross-breeding of Belgian Blue (BB) and Ongole Grade (PO) cattle in the first generation (F1). Crossbred of BB and PO cattle used as many as 15 individuals consisting of 6 males and 9 females, also, 8 individual PO females are used which are kept in the Livestock Embryo Center (BET) Cipelang, Bogor. The observed variables were birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW) 205 days, 1-year weight (YW) 365 days, daily body weight gain from birth (GBW) to weaning (GWW) and daily body weight gain from weaning (GWW) until the age of 1 year (GYW). Data were analyzed descriptively and the difference between cross-breeding (BB-PO) cattle and PO cattle was analyzed by t-test. The results of body weight and growth analysis showed that crossbred BB and PO cattle were higher than PO cattle at WW 205 days (165.2 ± 21.3 kg and 115 ± 15.2 kg), YW (365 days) (240.7 ± 28.1 kg and 194.9 ± 26.1 kg ) and GBW to GWW (0.675 ± 0.097 kg and 0.441 ± 0.059 kg). BW and GWW to GYW do not differ between crossbred BB-PO and PO cattle. The results of this study indicate that the cross-breeding program for BB cattle with PO cattle breeds can improve the performance of body weight and growth.

Resistance to the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus in a herd of Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cattle: Its assessment and heritability

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Wharton ◽  
KBW Utech ◽  
HG Turner
Keyword(s):  
Reference Value ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tick Counts ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tick Resistance

An Australian Illawarra Shorthorn herd of 24 cows was mated in three consecutive years with an AIS bull. The cows and their progeny were rated for tick resistance at frequent intervals from August 1959 to December 1965 by counting the numbers of semiengorged female ticks on the right side. The mean of log counts for all counts on a particular animal was adopted as the reference value for its degree of susceptibility. The ranking of cattle generally showed a high level of consistency with mean repeatability of counts (r = 0.47, P < 0.01). Discrimination between animals was more reliable (P < 0.01) in summer (r = 0.52) than in winter (r = 0.27). The repeatability of tick counts increased with mean count, from r = 0.27 when the mean count was 3 to r = 0.67 when it was 100. The reliability of counts on the cows decreased with age and with lactation. Supplementary information on a larger herd showed no effect of pregnancy on mean count or on discrimination between susceptible and resistant animals, but showed that there was a partial breakdown of resistance during lactation. In calves infested naturally, no effects of age or sex on tick counts or their repeatability were detected, though male calves yielded significantly larger numbers of ticks than females when infested artificially. The mean yield of mature female ticks on the cows following two artificial infestations with known numbers of larvae ranged from 0.2 to 27.4% of the potential. Natural and artificial assessments of susceptibility were closely correlated. The rank of the bull was similar to that of the more resistant cows. Mean estimates of the heritability of tick resistance based on single counts were 39 % from dam-calf correlations and 49 % from full-sib correlations. Estimates based on summer counts only were 42 and 64% respectively. These results provide strong encouragement for selecting for tick resistance.

scholarly journals A study of factors affecting weight gain among tuberculosis patients under DOTS in district Amritsar

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 4804
Author(s):  
Pooja Sadana ◽  
Harpreet Kaur ◽  
Vishal Verma
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Continuation Phase ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Tuberculosis Patients ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Background: Wasting is a common feature in tuberculosis and treatment is aimed at achieving weight gain in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. The aims and objectives of the study were to study the extent of body weight gain during treatment and to identify the effect of different factors on weight gain among TB patients.Methods: The study was conducted on a total of 326 patients residing in the area of PHC Verka and registered with District Tuberculosis Centre, Amritsar. Weight change was assessed by taking the difference of weight at initial diagnosis and after completion of continuation phase therapy.Results: A total of 228 patients participated in the study. The mean (±SD) body weights (in kg) for the patients were 44.92±12.7 at diagnosis and 48.79±12.9 at the end of treatment. The mean (±SD) weight gain was 3.86±4.55 kgs at the end of treatment. The gain in weight at the end of treatment was associated with supervision of treatment and outcome of the TB patient.Conclusions: The findings showed that there is an association between gain in weight with supervision of treatment and outcome of the TB patient.

Survival of cattle ticks in central Queensland pastures

1959 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Wilkinson ◽  
JT Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Hatching Date ◽  
Female Progeny ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Cattle Ticks ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Times

Observations on the gradual distension and shrinkage of cattle tick larvae (Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)) confirmed that they can take up water from, or lose water to, the atmosphere under suitable conditions. Further evidence was obtained that partially desiccated larvae can drink when in contact with free water. Consideration of the relative humidities recorded over sward adjoining a creek, during a drought, suggested that larvae would be able to absorb moisture during the 9-hr period before dawn. Dew m-as also available to the larvae in drought time, and on most mornings when observations were made. In the laboratory, larvae in cultures supplied with water droplets lived longer than those in similar cultures not supplied with water. Larval clusters on artificial supports out of doors lived longer if protected by fabric shades. At intervals over 2 years, female ticks were placed in grassland near Rockhampton and at Yeppoon, Qld., under simulated natural conditions. The times of hatching and periods of survival of the larvae were observed. In contrast with the marked decrease in tick fertility which occurs in the winter in south Queensland, ticks put out throughout the winter at Rockhampton laid large numbers of fertile eggs. Very few larval progeny of ticks put out in summer survived 3 months after the date of placement of the parent female. Progeny of ticks put out in the winter persisted up to 54 months after the date of placement of the parent. A graph of the 'pre-hatch' (pre-oviposition plus developmental) periods against screen temperatures followed the trend expected from laboratory data, but the difference between actual and computed hatching dates was large in some cases. Actual hatching date was usually later than computed hatching date, both for ticks in the soil and for ticks in humidified containers in a meteorological screen. The comparatively short survival periods of larvae in the central Queensland summer indicated the practicability of controlling the cattle tick by temporarily destocking pastures.

Resistance to BHC in the cattle tick Boophillus microplus (Can.) in India

1964 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Chaudhuri ◽  
R. C. Naithani
Keyword(s):  
First Record ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Indian Veterinary Research Institute ◽  
Veterinary Research ◽  
Wettable Powder ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Village ◽  
Village Population

Cattle kept at the Latoli kraal of the Indian Veterinary Research Institute at Mukteswar in the Kumaon foothills of the Himalayas were heavily infested with the tick Boophilus microplus (Can.). In order to reduce the infestation, the animals were treated with BHC dusts every season for a number of years. In 1960, it was noticed that the treatment was not as effective as in the previous years. A series of concentration/response tests was therefore carried out in 1961–62 to see whether or not the tick had developed any resistance to BHC. Ticks collected from cattle in a village about five miles distant, where no acaricide had ever been applied, were used as the standard for comparison. BHC as a wettable powder was used to provide six different concentrations of γ BHC for engorged females and unfed larvae, respectively. Treatment was by appropriate dipping techniques. Analysis of the results showed that the population of B. microplus infesting cattle at the Latoli kraal had developed resistance to BHC. The LC50's of γ BHC for engorged females and unfed larvae, respectively, of the Latoli population were 0.5164 and 0.0182 per cent., and of the village population 0.0834 and 0.00069 per cent. This seems to be the first record of any species of tick developing resistance to an acaricide in India.It was found that the mean number of eggs laid per tick in the control batches was higher in the village population than in the Latoli population and that the difference was highly significant.

scholarly journals The Productivity of Duck in Different Temperature Cage Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Tertia Delia Nova ◽  
Erman Syahruddin ◽  
Rijal Zein
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Block Design ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
The Difference

This study aims to determine the performance of  ducks on the effect of differences in cage temperature. This study used 54 5-week-old male ducks selected from 66 ducks. The research method used was randomized block design (RBD). The treatment used is the regulation of the temperature of the cage which is divided into three temperature levels, namely: A (cold temperature), B (room temperature), and C (hot temperature). The observed variables were duck performance in the form of feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion. The results of this study indicate that the difference in temperature of the cage became a very significant (P<0.01) on the consumption of rations, weight gain and conversion. The results of the study concluded that the maintenance of ducks at three different cage temperatures had a very significant (P<0.01) on feed consumption and body weight gain, but had no effect on feed conversion. The best results were found in the temperature of the cold cage with the consumption of rations of 2964.33 g/head, which resulted in body weight of 711.83 g/head of g/head, and conversion of 4.2. While the body weight of 1437 percentage of carcass was 67.64% in the study. The highest yield IOFC results (income over feed cost) cage in cold temperatures with a profit of Rp. 3,375.15/head. The maintenance of  ducks at three different cage temperatures had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the weight of the spleen, thyroid and kidney and the work of the spleen, thyroid and kidney organs was still normal

The effects of some chlorinated hydrocarbons as systemic acaricides against the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 608 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Roulston
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Phosphorus ◽  
Systemic Effect ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Peanut Oil ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Blood Samples

Subcutaneous injections of cattle with lindane, dieldrin, and aldrin solutions in peanut oil at the rate of 25 mg toxicant/kg body weight produced marked effects on infestations of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). The numbers of ticks present at the time of the injection declined, but many developed to maturity. The most striking effect was the prevention of establishment of seed ticks. After injection, the average period of freedom from larvae for the lindane- and dieldrin-treated animals was from the 7th to the 22nd day and from the 12th to the 25th day respectively. For the aldrin-treated group there was a minimum number of larvae from the 16th to the 27th day. Dieldrin and aldrin continued to affect the reinfesting ticks even after they were able to establish as larvae, and the first appearance of each succeeding life history stage was progressively postponed. Animals injected with lindane exhibited their first persistent reinfestation of young adult ticks on the average 43 days after injection, dieldrin-injected animals 67 days after injection, and aldrin-injected aninlals more than 80 days after injection. Lindane was detected in the hair of injected cattle in three out of four experiments, but could not be detected in skin and blood samples. DDT injections at 25 mg/kg were without effect, and DDT could not be detected in skin, hair, and blood samples. Toxaphene, diazinon, and malathion produced no systemic effects on ticks when injected subcutaneously into cattle at 25 mg/kg. Isodrin likewise produced no systemic effect on ticks when injected into cattle a t the rates of 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg. Endrin at 5 mg/kg was also ineffective, but two animals injected respectively with 10 and 15 mg/kg endrin died. Compound L13/59, an organic phosphorus acaricide, produced no effect on ticks when administered orally to cattle at rates up to 50 mg/kg. Inunction of the neck of cattle with peanut oil solutions of lindane and dieldrin at the rate of 26 mg toxicant/kg body weight resulted in marked mortality of ticks over the entire body region, suggesting penetration of the skin and systemic effect from these toxicants. The lindane-anointed animal was free from larval ticks from the 3rd to the 11th day after treatment, and the dieldrin-anointed animal from the 3rd to the 21st day. Similar treatments with aldrin and DDT at 25 mg/kg were without systemic effect on the ticks. Although these results of injection are promising, the technique cannot yet be recommended for general use.

Heritability estimates from correlations in intra-sire data. Appendix I. from - Resistance to the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus in a herd of Australian Illawarra Shorthorn cattle: Its assessment and heritability

1970 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
HG Turner
Keyword(s):  
Reference Value ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tick Counts ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Tick Resistance

An Australian Illawarra Shorthorn herd of 24 cows was mated in three consecutive years with an AIS bull. The cows and their progeny were rated for tick resistance at frequent intervals from August 1959 to December 1965 by counting the numbers of semiengorged female ticks on the right side. The mean of log counts for all counts on a particular animal was adopted as the reference value for its degree of susceptibility. The ranking of cattle generally showed a high level of consistency with mean repeatability of counts (r = 0.47, P < 0.01). Discrimination between animals was more reliable (P < 0.01) in summer (r = 0.52) than in winter (r = 0.27). The repeatability of tick counts increased with mean count, from r = 0.27 when the mean count was 3 to r = 0.67 when it was 100. The reliability of counts on the cows decreased with age and with lactation. Supplementary information on a larger herd showed no effect of pregnancy on mean count or on discrimination between susceptible and resistant animals, but showed that there was a partial breakdown of resistance during lactation. In calves infested naturally, no effects of age or sex on tick counts or their repeatability were detected, though male calves yielded significantly larger numbers of ticks than females when infested artificially. The mean yield of mature female ticks on the cows following two artificial infestations with known numbers of larvae ranged from 0.2 to 27.4% of the potential. Natural and artificial assessments of susceptibility were closely correlated. The rank of the bull was similar to that of the more resistant cows. Mean estimates of the heritability of tick resistance based on single counts were 39 % from dam-calf correlations and 49 % from full-sib correlations. Estimates based on summer counts only were 42 and 64% respectively. These results provide strong encouragement for selecting for tick resistance.

Ecology of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) in subtropical Australia. I. Introduction and free-living stages

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 285 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Sutherst ◽  
ID Sutherland ◽  
AS Bourne ◽  
GF Maywald ◽  
DA Stegeman
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Tick Reproduction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Tick Resistance ◽  
Subtropical Australia

An experiment is described which compared the fluctuations in the numbers of cattle tick, Boophilus miicroplus, that resulted from direct climatic effects or from changes in host resistance. Four herds of cattle, matched for tick resistance and with different Bos indicus (zebu) content, were grazed at each of two locations, one in central Queensland (23� S.) and one in southern Queensland (28� S.), from November 1977 to May 1982. Natural tick populations were counted regularly, and host resistance was measured using artificial infestations, either twice or six times a year. Concurrent exposures of engorged ticks in pastures were used to measure the success of the ticks in producing larvae and to partition mortality during development. Two later papers report other aspccts of the experiment. These include observations on the resistance of cattle to ticks and on the relationship between tick numbers on the cattle on one hand, and the availability of larvae on pasture and survival of parasitic stages on the other. Engorged ticks produced more larvae throughout the year in central Queensland, despite laying fewer eggs. The colder and longer winter in southern Queensland greatly reduced tick reproduction. Failure of engorged ticks to survive predation and find a favourable oviposition site, egg mortality and loss of larvae in the pasture accounted for most of the reduction in the potential number of larvae produced. Reduced oviposition was also important in wintcr.

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