Three water restriction schedules used in rodent behavioral tasks transiently impair growth and differentially evoke a stress hormone response without causing dehydration

Water restriction is commonly used to motivate rodents to perform behavioral tasks; however, its effects on hydration and stress hormone levels are unknown. Here, we report daily body weight and bi-weekly packed red blood cell volume and corticosterone in adult male rats across 80 days for three commonly used water restriction schedules. We also assessed renal adaptation to water restriction using post-mortem histological evaluation of renal medulla. A control group received ad libitum water. After one week of water restriction, rats on all restriction schedules resumed similar levels of growth relative to the control group. Nominal hydration was observed, and water restriction did not drive renal adaptation. An intermittent restriction schedule was associated with an increase in corticosterone relative to the control group. Our results suggest that the water restriction schedules used here will maintain welfare in rats. However, intermittent restriction evokes a stress response which could affect behavioral and neurobiological results. Our results also suggest that stable motivation in behavioral tasks may only be achieved after one week of restriction.

Pengaruh Pemberian Konsentrat Fermentasi dan Silase Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) terhadap Konsumsi Pakan, Pertambahan Berat Badan, dan Kimia Darah Domba Ekor Tipis

ABSTRACT. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian konsentrat fermentasi dan silase eceng gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) terhadap konsumsi pakan, pertambahan berat badan, dan kimia darah pada domba ekor tipis. Sebanyak 16 ekor domba ekor tipis digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap pola faktorial terdiri dari 2 faktor yaitu: faktor pakan yang terdiri atas P0 (pakan basal 100%), P1 (pakan basal 80% dan konsentrat fermentasi 20%), P2 (pakan basal 70%, konsentrat fermentasi 10%, dan silase eceng gondok 20%), P3 (pakan basal 60%, konsentrat fermentasi, 10%, dan silase eceng gondok 30%) dan faktor jenis kelamin (jantan dan betina). Parameter penelitian yang diamati adalah konsumsi pakan, pertambahan berat badan, kadar protein, glukosa, dan kolesterol dalam darah. Data yang diperoleh dianalisa dengan analisis sidik ragam, jika diperoleh hasil yang berbeda akan dilanjutkan dengan uji jarak berganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan perbedaan jenis kelamin berpengaruh sangat nyata (P0,01) terhadap konsumsi pakan, pertambahan berat badan, dan kadar kolesterol darah domba ekor tipis. Perlakuan pakan berpengaruh sangat nyata (P0,01) terhadap pertambahan berat badan, tetapi tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap kimia darah. Kesimpulannya penggunaan silase eceng gondok sebagai substitusi pakan basal dengan imbangan yang berbeda mampu meningkatkan konsumsi pakan, berat badan harian domba ekor tipis, dan tidak memengaruhi kesehatan ternak jika ditinjau dari komponen kimia darah yang terdiri atas dan kadar glukosa, protein, dan kolesterol darah. (Effect of fermentation concentrate and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) silage on feed consumption, weight gain, and blood chemistry of thin-tailed sheep) ABSTRAK. This study aimed to determine the effect of fermented concentrate and water hyacinth silage (Eichhornia crassipes) on feed consumption, weight gain, and blood chemistry of thin-tailed sheep. A total of 16 thin tailed-sheep were used in this study. The research design used was a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern consisting of 2 factors, namely: feed factor consisting of P0 (100% basal feed), P1 (80% basal feed and 20% fermented concentrate), P2 (70% basal feed, 10% concentrate fermentation, and 20% water hyacinth silage), P3 (60% basal feed, 10% fermented concentrate, and 30% water hyacinth silage) and sex factors (male and female). The research parameters observed were feed consumption, weight gain, protein, glucose, and cholesterol levels in the blood. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that sex differences had a very significant effect (P0.01) on feed consumption, weight gain, and blood cholesterol levels of thin-tailed sheep. Feed treatment had a very significant effect (P0.01) on weight gain but did not affect blood chemistry. In conclusion, the use of water hyacinth silage as a substitute for basal feed was able to increase feed consumption, a daily body weight of thin-tailed sheep, and did not affect livestock health when viewed from the blood chemistry components consisting of glucose, protein, and cholesterol levels.

Use of Agriculture Byproduct and Swamp Grass as Matterial for Ammoniation of Total Mixed Fiber in Ration on Ballinese Cattle Performance

ABSTRACT. This study was design to evaluated about the using of total mixed fiber ammoniation (TMFA) in ration on Ballinese beef performance. This study used an experimental method with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 4 types of treatmentt ration based on TMFA usage level and 3 replications. The treatmentts were R1 = 60% native grass (Control), R2 = 20% TMFA + 40% native grass, R3 = 40% TMFA + 20% native grass, R4 = 60% TMFA. The ration is added with a 40% concentrate to obtain 100% ration. The comparison between forage and concentrate is 60:40. Parameters measured in vivo are performance (ration intake, dry matter intake, crude protein intake, daily body weight gain and ration efficiency). The results showed that treatmentt significantly influenced (P <0.05) on ration intake, dry matter intake, daily body weight gain and ration efficiency, but the treatmentt unsignificantly influenced (P>0.05) on crude protein intake. It can be concluded that the use of 60% TMF ammoniation in the ration shows the best result, that is ration intake 6.89 kg/head/day, dry matter intake 6.25 kg / head / day, daily weight gain 0.47 kg / head / day and efficiency of ration 7.42%.Pemanfaatan Hasil Samping Pertanian dan Rumput Rawa sebagai Bahan Amoniasi Total Mixed Fiber (TMF) dalam Ransum Terhadap Performa Sapi BaliABSTRAK. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi pemanfaatan amoniasi Total Mixed Fiber (TMFA) dalam ransum terhadap performa sapi Bali. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari R1= 60% rumput Raja (control), R2 = 20% TMFA + 40% rumput Raja, R3 = 40% TMFA + 20% Rumput Raja, R4 = 60% TMFA. Ransum ditambah 40% konsentrat untuk memperoleh 100% ransum. Perbandingan hijauan dan konsentrat adalah 60:40. Parameter yang diukur adalah konsumsi ransum, konsumsi bahan kering, konsumsi protein kasar, pertambahan bobot badan dan efisiensi ransum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (P<0.05) terhadap konsumsi ransum, konsumsi bahan kering, pertambahan bobot badan dan efisiensi ransum, namun perlakuan tidak memberi pengaruh yang nyata (P>0.05) terhadap konsumsi protein. Kesimpulan dari penelitian adalah pemakaian amoniasi TMF 60% dalam ransum memberikan hasil terbaik dengan konsumsi ransum 6.89kg/ekor/hari, konsumsi bahan kering 6.25/kg/ekor/hari, pertambahan berat badan 0.47kg/ekor/hari dan efisiensi ransum 7.42%.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG JAHE MERAH (Zingiber officinale var Rubrum) DALAM PAKAN AYAM BROILER TERHADAP PERTAMBAHAN BOBOT BADAN, KONVERSI PAKAN DAN KONSUMSI PAKAN

ABSTRACT This aim of study was to determined effect of red ginger flour (Zingiber Officinale Var Rubrum) as herbal feed additive in Broiler Chiken on feed comsumption, daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio.The research was conducted on September – Oktober 2020 at Gisting Atas Village, Gisting District, Tanggamus Regency, Lampung. The experiment used 80 unisex Broiler aged 1 week. They were feed a ration with control ration + 0% red ginger flour (P0), control ration + 0,25% red ginger flour (P1), control ration + 0,5% red ginger flour (P2), control ratio + 0,75% red ginger flour (P3) during 20 days. The control ration containing 21% crude protein and 3108 kkal/kg metabolism energy. The study used a quantitative methods with completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The results showed that the ration had no effect (P> 0,05) on feed comsumption, daily weight gain and conversion ratio. The conclution of the research showed that the addition of level red ginger flour (Zingiber Officinale Var Rubru) until 0,75% as herbal feed additive in Broiler Chiken no effect on feed comsumption, daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Keywords: Red ginger flour, Broiler, Feed Comsumption, Daily Weight Gain, Feed Conversion Ratio.

MUCUNA SEED POWDER SUPPLEMENTATION VALUE ON BROILER CHICKENS PERFORMANCE, ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES, MEAT CHOLESTEROL, PEROXIDATION, AND SERUM METABOLITES

This study examined the effect of Mucuna seed powder (MSP) supplementation on performance, meat, and health status of broiler chickens. A total of 300 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into 5 treatments with 6 replicates of 10 birds each, as follows: Diet 1 (control), Diet 2 (diet supplemented with 1.1% oxytetracycline, OXYT), Diet 3 (diet with 0.5% MSP), Diet 4 (diet with 1.0% MSP) and Diet 5 (diet with 1.5% MSP). The dietary MSP supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased the daily body weight gain of the broiler chickens, compared to those fed the control diet at the starter phase and overall (1-42 days) period of the feeding trial. No significant differences were observed in the measured aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) among the treatments. The broiler chicken fed diets supplemented with MSP had higher (P<0.05) total serum glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase compared to those fed the control diet. The concentration of muscle cholesterol and lipid peroxidation reduced significantly (P<0.05) in the birds fed MSP supplemented diets compared to those fed the control diet. In conclusion, this study has shown that MSP can be used up to 1.5% as a potential phytogenic feed supplement in a broiler diet to enhance the growth performance, maintain the carcass traits, boost endogenous antioxidants and reduce meat cholesterol level and lipid oxidation.

In Vitro-in Vivo Digestibility and Nitrogen Balance in Indigenous, Exotic and Crossbred Growing Pigs Fed Sprouted or Roasted Cowpea Diets

The study evaluated effects of processing cowpeas for inclusion in maize-based diets for Windsnyer, Large-White x Landrace, and their 3-way crossbred growing pig genotypes. In-vitro, the raw and roasted cowpea diets, sprouting cowpeas decreased (P<0.05) gastric-ileal non-enzymatic (buffer-only) DM digestibility. Roasting increased (P<0.05) the colon enzymatic digestion relative to sprouting. Total ileal and colon in-vitro diet DM digestibility were not affected (P>0.05) by cowpea processing. In-vivo, Pigs consumed most (P<0.05) feed (g/day/kg BW) in period 1, with significant (P<0.05) genotype X period interaction. Both roasting and sprouting cowpeas reduced (P<0.05) dietary apparent DM digestibility. Pig daily body weight (BW) gain reduced (P<0.05) in period 3 compared to period 1. There was no (P>0.05) treatment effect on feed conversion efficiency. The 3-way crossbred pigs excreted more (P<0.05) urine N (g/dayBW0.75). Urine N excretion (g/dayBW0.75) peaked (P<0.05) in period 2 (P<0.05), with less (P<0.05) N intake (g/dayBW0.75), faecal N excretion (g/dayBW0.75) and N balance (g/dayBW0.75) than in period 3. Significant diet X genotype interaction in faecal N excretion (g/dayBW0.75) resulted from markedly high (P<0.05) in contrast to low (P<0.05) excretion. Significant genotype X period interaction resulted from the numerically (P>0.05) higher urine N excretion. In conclusion, in-vitro, sprouting shifted non-enzymatic digestion to the colon, while roasting increased colon fibrolysis, without effect on overall DM digestibility. In-vivo, the period of feeding, interpreted to reflect pig maturity, the pig genotype and cowpea processing interacted to influence apparent dietary DM digestibility and N utilization, without significant effect on the conversion efficacy of the maize-cowpea diet.

The Effect of Dietary Halloysite Supplementation on the Performance of Broiler Chickens and Broiler House Environmental Parameters

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of supplementing broiler chickens’ diets with halloysite on daily body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), daily water consumption (DWC), and some broiler house hygiene parameters. The trial was conducted on 18,000 broiler chickens divided into two groups throughout the 42-day (D) rearing period. The birds were fed complete diets without (group C) or with halloysite addition (1%, group E) from D8 of rearing. No difference in the mortality rate was observed between groups C and E. Birds from group E had a tendency (0.05 < p < 0.10) towards a higher body weight at D32 and D42, a higher BWG, and a lower FCR compared to group C during the entire rearing period. Average DWC differed only in the finisher period, with a tendency towards lower overall DWC in group E. The concentration of ammonia in the air from D21 to D35 was increased more than 5-fold in group C but only 1.5-fold in group E. In conclusion, the use of halloysite as a feed additive in the diet of broiler chickens resulted in a reduction in feed consumption per unit of BWG and higher utilisation of crude protein, which led to improved environmental conditions.

The Effect of Giving Maggot Mix Flour (Hermetia Illuciens Linnaeus) on Commercial Feed on Growth Weight Mice (Mus Musculus)

The study aimed to determine the effect of daily body weight gain (PBBH) in mice given feed containing commercial feed mix maggot flour. The material used in the study was 60 mice that were not differentiated by gender. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with unidirectional pattern. The provision of maggot flour in commercial feed was divided into four types of treatment. Each treatment level received three replications, with each replication consisting of 5 mice. If there was an influence on the treatment, the Duncan Multiple Range Test was performed. The followings were the treatments used in the study: P0: 100% commercial feed without maggot flour, P1: commercial feed 95% + 5% maggot flour, P2: commercial feed 90% + 10% maggot flour, P3: commercial feed 85% + 15% maggot flour. The research lasted for approximately 30 days, starting from September 4 to October 6, 2020, at the Basic Laboratory of the Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Islamic University of Lamongan. The results showed a significant effect between treatments (P <0.05) and (P <0.01). The best treatment resulted in the increase of daily body weight gain (PBBH) was P1 (0.35 gr / head / day ± 0.10), P0 (0.29 gr / head / day ± 0.05), P3 (0.20 gr / head / day ± 0.08) , P2 (0.10 gr / head / day ± 0.05). This study concludes that the application of mixed maggot flour as feed to the growth of mice's body weight is the addition of 95% of commercial feed and 5% of maggot flour.

Effect of Supplementation of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) Leaf and Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Powder as Feed Additive on Daily Weight Gain, Comparative Economics and Mortality Percent of Broiler Chicks

A study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of tulsi and ginger as feed additives on comparative economics of broiler chicks. Two hundred and ten day-old chicks divided into 7 groups and each group having 30 chicks. Control group was fed on basal diet and T1 and T2 group were supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of tulsi leaf powder in the ration, respectively. Likewise, G1 and G2 group were supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of ginger powder in the ration, respectively. T1G1 and T2G2 treatment groups were supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of both herbs in combination, respectively. The statistical analysis of data revealed highly significant (p<0.01) effect of tulsi leaf and ginger powder on average daily body weight gain. Highest average daily body weight gain during starter phase was recorded in T2G2 group fed with tulsi leaf and ginger powder @ 0.5% each, which was comparable with G2 group. During finisher phase of trial statistical analysis revealed highest (p<0.01) average daily body weight gain in T2G2 group. Lowest average daily body weight gain was observed in control group during starter and finisher period. Statistical analysis of data revealed highly significant (p<0.01) effect on comparative economics of broilers due to supplementation of tulsi leaf and ginger powder. Highest net profit per kg of live weight was observed in T2G2 group supplemented with 0.5% tulsi leaf and ginger powder each and lowest net profit per kg of live weight was observed in T2 group which was comparable with control group. The overall mortality per cent of chicks under different treatment groups was observed to be 16.17% in control group and 6.66% in T1 and T2, and in G1, G2, T1G1, T2G2 groups observed no mortality. It may be concluded that supplementation tulsi leaf and ginger powder as feed additives improves daily weight gain, comparative economics and reduced mortality of broiler chicks.

Respon Fisiologis Domba Ekor Tipis Terhadap Waktu Pemberian Pakan Yang Berbeda

This study aimed to examine the relationship of feeding time on physiological response and the effect on the behavior of Javanese thin-tailed sheep. The total population of the study was 12 sheep. The treatment in this study is feeding time in the morning (W1) and evening (W2). Parameters that had been observed were heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature. This research design used was a completely randomized design. Feeding at different times did not affect daily body weight gain. However, feeding at different times affects the physiological response of thin tail sheep. W1 has a higher heart rate value at daytime of 80.65 ± 3.49 but has a lower value in the afternoon at 75.26 ± 4.20. Respiration rates W1 in the morning and evening were 32.06 ± 2.69 and 51.88 ± 3.43. Rectal temperature W1 lower in the morning at 37.76 ± 0.05. Physiological response of thin tail sheep which were fed with different feeding times indicated that the heart rate, respiration rate, and rectal temperature were still in normal condition.