The influence of temperature and density on the growth of communities of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Mount Barker)

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The influence of temperature on the growth of high and low density communities of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Mount Barker) was studied at four temperatures ranging from 12�C day/7�C night to 27�C day/22�C night. The response to temperature depended on leaf area index (LAI). When the LAI was low (0.2), growth rate increased with increasing temperature to a maximum at 22� day/ 17�C night. This agreed with the temperature response of single plants of the same species previously reported. However, when the LAI was 3 the growth rate was not influenced by temperature within the range tested. At a still higher value of LAI (5.5), the response in growth became negative with increasing temperature, communities at the highest temperature growing at only half the rate of those at the lowest. The frequency distribution of plant size in the dense communities was measured, at eight times during the experiment. The distribution was influenced by both temperature and the total dry weight of the community. At low temperature it was approximately symmetrical, but at high temperature it rapidly became asymmetric as total dry weight increased, the amount of skewness being greatest at the highest temperature and dry weight. Plant death was greatest at the high temperature. The communities were divided into five equally populated groups of ascending plant size. At high temperature the largest plants increased in size throughout the experiment, but each of the groups of smaller plants reached a maximum size, subsequently losing weight. At lower temperatures only the groups of smaller size lost weight, the number of groups losing weight depending on temperature. The distribution data were used to try to explain the interaction between temperature and LAI. It was proposed that community growth rate was best when canopy cover was complete and the distribution of plant weight was not strongly skewed.

The effect of autotetraploidy in five varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 356 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Hutton ◽  
JW Peak
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Green Matter ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Induced autotetraploidy in the Dwalganup variety of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) resulted in total dry weight increases of 60 and 65.5 per cent. at flowering and maturity respectively. In the other four varieties the tetraploids had decreased yields of dry matter compared with the diploids, although the decreases for leaf weights at flowering were nonsignificant in Mount Barker and Tallarook, as was the total dry weight reduction in Tallarook at maturity. There were no significant differences between the diploids and tetraploids in percentage moisture content. When early development was stimulated by growth in a glass-house, the tetraploids of all varieties showed a significant increase in yield of green matter. The level of increased growth was maintained only in Dwalganup, and decreased in other varieties during flowering. An analysis was made of the way in which the different plant parts mere changed by tetraploidy. Where decreased growth occurred, the leaves and stems were coarser. In all varieties a reduced seed-setting followed autotetraploidy, although in Dwalganup the yield of seed per plant was not affected.

The role of time of emergence in determining the growth of individual plants in swards of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 628 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black ◽  
GN Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
Emergence Patterns ◽  
Final Yield

An experiment was carried out which enabled a separate assessment to be made of the influence of, firstly, pre-emergence growth rate, and secondly, the competitive environment at emergence on the subsequent growth of individual plants of subterranean clover. Swards of the Bacchus Marsh variety were grown in large seed boxes at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Adelaide. Four different sowing treatments were applied whereby the sowing of alternate plants in a checkerboard grid was delayed by 0, 2, 4, and 8 days. Emergence date and final dry weight were recorded individually for each plant in the experimental swards. There was considerable overlap in emergence times between the earlier and the later-sown plants. Consequently by a comparison of the separate regressions for earlier and later-sown plants of yield per plant on day of emergence for each treatment, it could be demonstrated that plants with very different pre-emergence growth rates but emerging on the same day in the same sward, and hence into the same competitive environment, gave essentially the same subsequent growth. In other words, in the absence of differential competitive effects, there was no detectable influence of pre-emergence growth rate on subsequent growth. On the other hand, the final dry weights of individual plants were very strongly related to day of emergence. A delay in emergence of 5 days brought about a reduction in final yield of about 50%, and a delay of 8 or 9 days of at least 75%. In view of the negligible influence of pre-emergence growth rate, per se, this reduction is attributable solely to the increased severity of competition from plants already emerged. In spite of the wide variation in emergence patterns, the total yields of all swards were very similar, indicating an almost complete compensation between plants in the utilization of available growth factors.

Effects of temperature on germination, emergence and early seedling growth of swards of Mt Barker subterranean clover plants grown with and without nitrate

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury ◽  
D Zuill ◽  
PH Brown
Keyword(s):  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Closed Canopy ◽  
Early Seedling

Effects of constant temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30�C on the germination, emergence and early vegetative growth of Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Mt Barker grown as swards were examined in temperature-controlled glasshouses and in a growth cabinet. Seedlings were established at a density of about 2000 plants m-2 and grown for up to 70 days. Plants were either inoculated and grown without mineral nitrogen (-N), or supplied with 7.5 mM NO-3 (+ N). Percentage germination and emergence were hardly affected by temperatures of 10-20�C, but at 25�C were reduced to 50%, and at 30�C to about 10%. The rates of germination and emergence were slowest at 10�C, but showed little change with temperature over the range 15-30�C. Time to closed canopy (leaf area index 3) and time to a dry weight of 133 g m-2 were shorter where plants were supplied with NO; than where mineral nitrogen was withheld and a symbiotic system established. Rates of N2-fixation, as measured by acetylene reduction assay, were not markedly affected by temperature over the range 10-25�C. Relative efficiency ranged from about 0.55 at 10, 15, and 20�C to about 0.66 at 25�C. At 30�C nodulation still occurred, but nitrogenase activity was very slight. It is concluded that, where swards of subterranean clover are grown in the absence of any mineral N, a period of N-starvation limits growth during the time taken for symbiotic N2-fixation to become established. Such retardation of growth is small at about 20�C, but becomes more marked at lower and higher temperatures. The establishment of subterranean clover swards in soils of low N status are likely to be retarded following an early (March) or a late (July) start in the growing season. In such cases a 'starter' application of mineral nitrogen may promote the early growth of the legume.

Distribution of zinc and copper in seedlings of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in solution culture

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Riceman ◽  
GB Jones
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Substantial Change

Changes in the distribution of zinc, copper, and dry matter in seedlings of Trifolium subterraneum L. var. Bacchus Marsh grown in solution cultures which were supplied with copper but not with zinc have been traced during the first 40 days after germination. Increase in total dry weight was accompanied by a rapid decline in the concentration of zinc in the plant parts examined. Symptoms of zinc deficiency were recognizable in the third trifoliate leaf by the time the leaflets opened, 33 days after germination. At that time the concentration of zinc in leaf plus petiole had fallen to 14 p.p.m. in the dry matter. There was a continual net loss of zinc from the cotyledons. A marked increase in the amount of copper present in roots, and in leaf plus petiole, occurred soon after the addition of copper to the cultures 20 days after germination, but no substantial change was observed in the amount of copper present in the cotyledons or in the hypocotyl plus growing point. These latter tissues had previously lost small amounts of copper.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

EFFECT OF SOLID AND LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON GROWTH, YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF ROSSELLE (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) IN THE NIGERIAN SAVANNAH

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-439
Author(s):  
K. M. Ladan ◽  
M. G. Abubakar ◽  
J. Suleiman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
100 Seed Weight

The Study was conducted to evaluate the effect of solid and liquid organic fertilizer on growth and yield of rosselle in 2016 cropping season at Institute of Agricultural Reserve Zaria, Samaru (11011’N 07038E and 686m) and Institute of Horticultural Research Farm Bagauda (12000’N 8031”Em 488m) in Northern Guinea Savannah and Sudan Savannah Ecological Zones of above sea level Nigeria. Treatments consisted of four levels of solid poultry manure (0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0) tons/ha and five levels of liquid organic manure from Grand Total Organic Fertilizer Limited (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.9) litres/ha, which were factorially combined in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Data on growth parameter were collected on plant height (cm), plant dry weight (g), leaf Area index crop growth rate (CGR) Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Net assimilation rate (NAR) while data on yield parameters like number of calyx per pant, 100 seed weight (g) and  calyx yield per hectare kg/ha were collected. Results showed that plant height, plant dry weight(g), 100 seed weight(g) and calyx dry yield kg/ha had a significant increase with application of 2.0 litres/ha of liquid fertilizer than other rates. While application of solid poultry manure at 3.0ton/ha significantly increases plant height, net assimilation rate, leaf area index and calyx dry weight when compared with other rates. From the results obtained, the combination of 2.0 litres/ha liquid organic fertilizer and 3.0 ton/ha solid poultry manure produce the highest calyx yield at both location.

scholarly journals Growth And Yield of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Varities in Sokoto Sudan Savanna of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1513-1518
Author(s):  
A.S. Gunu ◽  
M. Musa
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Days To Heading ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Sudan Savanna ◽  
Stalk Weight

Field trial was carried out during the 2019 rainy season (June to October) at the Dryland Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto to determine the growth and yield of sorghum varieties in the study area. The treatments consisted of five (5) sorghum varieties (Samsorg 45, Samsorg 46, Janjari, Yartawa and Jardawa), the treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) replicated three (3) times. Data were collected on the growth and yield of the crop. Janjari and Jardawa varieties were higher in plant height. Jardawa and Yartawa varieties were higher in number of leaves. Janjari and Yartawa varieties were higher in total dry weight. Janjari, Jardawa and Yartawa varieties were higher in harvest index. Yartawa variety was higher in leaf area, leaf area index and 1000-grain weight. Jardawa variety was higher in panicle length. Janjari variety was early in number of days to heading, flowering, and maturity and was higher in dry stalk weight. The grain yield (249 – 1506kg ha-1 ) was higher in Janjari and Yartawa varieties (1268 – 1506 kg ha-1). Based on the findings of this research, it could be concluded that Janjari and Yartawa varieties performed better than other varieties in the study area.

A study of growth in swards of timothy and meadow fescue. I. Uninterrupted growth

1958 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. M. Langer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Total Dry Weight

1. Swards of S. 48 timothy and S. 215 meadow fescue growing alone or together were sampled at intervals of 3 weeks throughout the season. The number and weight of leaves, stems and ears were determined, and leaf area was estimated.2. Despite high rainfall, the total number of tillers in both species declined from the beginning of the experiment until early July, but increased again from then onwards until the original complement had been approximately restored. The number of leaves failed to show a corresponding increase in the autumn because each tiller carried fewer leaves than earlier in the year.3. In the spring total dry weight increased more rapidly in meadow fescue than in timothy which in turn out-yielded meadow fescue later in the season. Both species attained their greatest dry weight soon after ear emergence, a period which was marked by considerable crop growth and relative growth rates.4. Leaf area index reached a maximum before total dry weight had increased to its highest level, but then declined in both species. Meadow fescue differed from timothy by producing a second crop of foliage after the summer with a leaf area index of about 7. This second rise appeared to be due mainly to increased leaf size in contrast to timothy whose leaves became progressively smaller towards the end of the season.5. The differences in growth between the species discussed with reference to their dates of ear emergence which in this experiment differed by about 6 weeks.

Defoliation as a factor in the growth of varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L) when grown in pure and mixed swards

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Energy ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Large Seed ◽  
Waite Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

This paper describes two experiments analysing the recovery from defoliation of subterranean clover varieties grown in swards in large seed boxes at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, Adelaide. The first experiment examined the way in which the six common commercial varieties recovered from a single severe defoliation, and showed that under these conditions they can be placed in three groups: Yarloop and Clare are tall, high-yielding varieties with few, large leaves, recovering slowly from defoliation; Tallarook and Dwalganup are prostrate varieties, lower-yielding, with many small leaves, recovering rapidly after defoliation; Bacchus Marsh and Mount Barker are intermediate in all respects. In the second experiment mixed swards of equal numbers of Yarloop and Tallarook plants were grown under three treatments: A, no defoliation; B, defoliated twice at a height which removed the higher Yarloop canopy but left the lower Tallarook plants untouched; C, defoliated twice at a height which removed the canopies of both varieties. Measurement of dry weight on four occasions after each defoliation showed that in the undefoliated treatment, all Tallarook plants died by the end of the experiment. In the defoliated treatments, the removal of the Yarloop canopy resulted in only a temporary improvement in the illuniination in which the Tallarook plants grew, and their dry weight and plant numbers progressively declined. Dry weight changes in the Tallarook component were shown to be dependent on the light energy available to it, which was in turn determined by the light-absorbing capacity of the superior Yarloop canopy. In mixed swards, the ability of Yarloop to re-establish quickly a leaf canopy above that of Tallarook appeared to explain its success when defoliated.

The significance of petiole length, leaf area, and light interception in competition between strains of subterrranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) grown in swards

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Petiole Elongation ◽  
Light Profiles

Three strains of subterranean clover differing in leaf development were grown in pure swards and in all combinations in mixtures. The strain Yarloop has relatively few large leaves held on long petioles; Tallarook has many small leaves and short petioles; Bacchus Marsh is intermediate in all these respects. The swards were grown in boxes and were sampled on four occasions during the period of vegetative growth. Leaf area in each 2 cm layer of the sward was determined separately, and for both strains in the mixed swards, and measurements of the light intensity reaching each layer were obtained. Root weights were determined for all swards and separately for each component of the mixed swards. Examination of the dry weights showed that the growth of the strain having the lesser petiole elongation was suppressed. In the extreme instance Tallarook was so suppressed when grown with Yarloop that in the final inter-sampling period it grew completely in the dark, and lost about half its dry weight. Bacchus Marsh also suppressed Tallarook, but to a lesser extent, while Bacchus Marsh was itself suppressed in competition with Yarloop. The amount of light energy intercepted by the two components of the mixed swards was calculated from the leaf area and light profiles, and confirmed the importance of the spatial distribution of leaves in plant competition. It was concluded that, in the absence of defoliation, the success of a strain under competition was associated with its potential petiole elongation.

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