Distribution of zinc and copper in seedlings of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in solution culture

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 495 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS Riceman ◽  
GB Jones
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Substantial Change

Changes in the distribution of zinc, copper, and dry matter in seedlings of Trifolium subterraneum L. var. Bacchus Marsh grown in solution cultures which were supplied with copper but not with zinc have been traced during the first 40 days after germination. Increase in total dry weight was accompanied by a rapid decline in the concentration of zinc in the plant parts examined. Symptoms of zinc deficiency were recognizable in the third trifoliate leaf by the time the leaflets opened, 33 days after germination. At that time the concentration of zinc in leaf plus petiole had fallen to 14 p.p.m. in the dry matter. There was a continual net loss of zinc from the cotyledons. A marked increase in the amount of copper present in roots, and in leaf plus petiole, occurred soon after the addition of copper to the cultures 20 days after germination, but no substantial change was observed in the amount of copper present in the cotyledons or in the hypocotyl plus growing point. These latter tissues had previously lost small amounts of copper.

The effect of autotetraploidy in five varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.).

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 356 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Hutton ◽  
JW Peak
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Green Matter ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Induced autotetraploidy in the Dwalganup variety of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) resulted in total dry weight increases of 60 and 65.5 per cent. at flowering and maturity respectively. In the other four varieties the tetraploids had decreased yields of dry matter compared with the diploids, although the decreases for leaf weights at flowering were nonsignificant in Mount Barker and Tallarook, as was the total dry weight reduction in Tallarook at maturity. There were no significant differences between the diploids and tetraploids in percentage moisture content. When early development was stimulated by growth in a glass-house, the tetraploids of all varieties showed a significant increase in yield of green matter. The level of increased growth was maintained only in Dwalganup, and decreased in other varieties during flowering. An analysis was made of the way in which the different plant parts mere changed by tetraploidy. Where decreased growth occurred, the leaves and stems were coarser. In all varieties a reduced seed-setting followed autotetraploidy, although in Dwalganup the yield of seed per plant was not affected.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of copper supply on growth and development

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
DJ Tranthim-Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Lateral Branches

Effects of severe and moderate copper deficiency on the development of leaves and lateral branches, on the distribution of dry weight within the plant, and on seed yield of Seaton Park subterranean clover were assessed as part of three glasshouse experiments. Copper deficiency markedly depressed top and root growth without producing any distinctive symptoms. It retarded phasic development by delaying development of leaves and lateral branches, senescence of plant parts, and flowering: it also depressed the proportion of stem plus petiole in plant tops and decreased internode elongation, pollen fertility and the number of burrs and seeds formed. As a result of its effect in delaying flowering, copper deficiency would depress seed production particularly strongly when low soil water supply shortens the growing season. The need for suitable procedures for diagnosing copper deficiency is emphasized by the lack of specific plant symptoms in this species.

Zinc in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of zinc supply on distribution of zinc and dry weight among plant parts

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 989 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
D Plaskett
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Lateral Branches

Effects of zinc supply on the distribution of zinc and dry weight among plant parts were examined during the first 55 days of vegetative development of Seaton Park subterranean clover grown in a zinc-deficient soil in a glasshouse. Symptoms of zinc deficiency first appeared in young trifoliate leaves. Zinc deficiency decreased the expansion of blades and petioles, delayed the development of leaves and lateral branches, depressed dry weights of roots and shoots, and increased the proportion of plant dry weight in roots and leaf blades. In each treatment and at each harvest, zinc concentrations varied widely amongst plant parts and with their physiological age. Plant parts also differed widely in the response of their dry matter and zinc concentrations to both zinc treatment and harvest time. It is suggested that these complex relationships explain why plant samples consisting of composite plant parts are not suitable for diagnosis of zinc deficiency. In the present experiment, zinc concentration in whole shoots was unsatisfactory for diagnosing zinc deficiency since concentrations were higher in young, zinc-deficient plants than in older, zinc-adequate plants. In young leaf blades of the same physiological age, zinc concentrations showed reasonably constant relationships with plant growth throughout the entire experiment. However, they varied two- to three-fold in leaves of different ages from the same plants. The results show the importance for diagnosis of zinc deficiency of selecting as a sample a single organ of defined physiological age. The youngest open leaf blade is recommended for diagnosis of zinc deficiency in subterranean clover.

Quantifying pasture dry matter responses to applications of potassium fertiliser for an intensively grazed, rain-fed dairy pasture in south-western Australia with or without adequate nitrogen fertiliser

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
I. F. Guthridge
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Test K

Rain-fed dairy pastures on sandy soils common in the high rainfall (>800 mm annual average) Mediterranean-type climate of south-western Australia comprise the annual species subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and annual and Italian ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud. and L. multiflorum Lam.). In wet years, clover becomes potassium (K) deficient and shows large dry matter (DM) responses to applied fertiliser K due to leaching of K in soil by rainfall. In contrast, ryegrass rarely shows DM responses to applied K. Many dairy pastures in the region are now intensively grazed to maximise pasture use for milk production, and nitrogen (N) fertiliser is applied after each grazing. It is not known if frequent applications of fertiliser N to these pastures changes pasture DM responses to applied K. Therefore, a long-term (2002–07) field experiment was undertaken on an intensively grazed dairy pasture in the region to quantify pasture DM responses to applied fertiliser K with or without applications of adequate fertiliser N (141–200 kg N/ha per year). Soil samples (top 10 cm of soil) were collected from each plot of the experiment each February to measure soil test K by the standard Colwell sodium bicarbonate procedure used for both K and phosphorus soil testing in the region. When no N was applied, pasture comprised ~70% (dry weight basis) clover and 25% ryegrass, compared with ~70% ryegrass and 25% clover when adequate N was applied. Significant linear responses of pasture DM to applied K occurred in 3 of the 6 years of the experiment only when no N was applied and clover dominated the pasture. The largest response varied from ~1.7 to 2.0 t/ha DM consumed by dairy cows at all grazings in each year, giving a K response efficiency of between 8 and 10 kg DM/ha per kg K/ha applied. Significant pasture DM responses to applied N occurred at all grazings in each year, with ~2–3 t/ha extra DM consumed by dairy cows at all grazings in each year being produced when a total of 141–200 kg N/ha was applied per year, giving an N response efficiency of ~7–19 kg DM/ha per kg N/ha applied. Soil test K values were very variable, attributed to varying proportions of soil samples per plot collected between and within cow urine patches, containing much K, arbitrarily deposited on experimental plots during grazing. Soil test K values were not significantly affected by the rates of K applied per year. A re-evaluation of results from the major soil K test study conducted for pastures in the region confirm that ryegrass rarely showed DM responses to applied K, and that for clover, soil K testing poorly predicted the likelihood of K deficiency in the next growing season.

scholarly journals Dry Matter Allocation and Loss in Jerusalem Artichoke (Helanthus tuberosus, L.) during Growth and Field Storage

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 503A-503
Author(s):  
Wayne J. McLaurin ◽  
Stanley J. Kays
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Straight Chain ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Storage Organs ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Fibrous Roots

Jerusalem artichokes are one of a small number of crops that store carbon predominately in the form of inulin, a straight chain fructosan. There has been a tremendous increase in interest in inulin due to its dietary health benefits for humans and calorie replacement potential in processed foods. We measured the allocation of dry matter within the crop (cv. Sunckoke) during an entire growth cycle by harvesting plants over a 40-week period (2-week intervals) from initial planting through field storage. Plant characters assessed were: no. of basal stems, leaves, branches, flowers, and tubers; the dry weight of leaves, branches, flowers, tubers, and fibrous roots; and date of flowering. Total dry weight of above-ground plant parts increased until 18 weeks after planting (22 Aug.) and then progressively decreased thereafter. Tuber dry weight began to increase rapidly ≈4 weeks (19 Sept.) after the peak in above-ground dry weight, suggesting that dry matter within the aerial portion of the plant was being recycled into the storage organs. Tuber dry weight continued to increase during the latter part of the growing season, even after the first frost. Final tuber yield was 13.6 MT of dry matter/ha.

The response of defoliated swards of subterranean clover to temperature

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
EAN Greenwood ◽  
BA Carbon ◽  
RC Rossiter ◽  
JD Beresford
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Exchange ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Reproductive Phases ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

The objective was to characterize the response of Trifolium subterraneum L. (cv. Daliak) swards to short-term and to long-term changes in temperature at several stages of plant growth. Short-term responses were studied with microswards growing in boxes in the open and defoliated every week to simulate heavy grazing. At seven stages, one subsample of boxes was harvested and three other subsamples were moved to controlled-temperature glasshouses and grown for 14 days at 10/5° (day/night), 17.5/12.5° and 25/20°C respectively, and then harvested. Dry weights and numbers of plant parts, and areas of leaves, height, light penetration and net carbon dioxide exchange of swards were measured. For long-term responses, young, defoliated microswards were transferred to the above temperatures for 9 weeks and cut weekly. On days 32 (pre-treatment harvest), 53, 74 and 95, tops and roots were harvested. The results support three generalizations. Firstly, severely defoliated subterranean clover pastures respond to temperature between 10/5° and 25/20° in a variety of ways over the whole life cycle. However, temperature is of greater importance as a determinant of dry weight of tops during the post-emergence and reproductive phases than it is during the preflowering phase. Secondly, total growth rate (TGR) after the first 8–10 weeks of growth does not increase at temperatures above 10/5°. And thirdly, even with moderately low LAI values of 1–4, temperatures of 25/20° can inhibit TGR after about 8 weeks of growth. The biological and agricultural implications are discussed.

The influence of temperature and density on the growth of communities of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Mount Barker)

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The influence of temperature on the growth of high and low density communities of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Mount Barker) was studied at four temperatures ranging from 12�C day/7�C night to 27�C day/22�C night. The response to temperature depended on leaf area index (LAI). When the LAI was low (0.2), growth rate increased with increasing temperature to a maximum at 22� day/ 17�C night. This agreed with the temperature response of single plants of the same species previously reported. However, when the LAI was 3 the growth rate was not influenced by temperature within the range tested. At a still higher value of LAI (5.5), the response in growth became negative with increasing temperature, communities at the highest temperature growing at only half the rate of those at the lowest. The frequency distribution of plant size in the dense communities was measured, at eight times during the experiment. The distribution was influenced by both temperature and the total dry weight of the community. At low temperature it was approximately symmetrical, but at high temperature it rapidly became asymmetric as total dry weight increased, the amount of skewness being greatest at the highest temperature and dry weight. Plant death was greatest at the high temperature. The communities were divided into five equally populated groups of ascending plant size. At high temperature the largest plants increased in size throughout the experiment, but each of the groups of smaller plants reached a maximum size, subsequently losing weight. At lower temperatures only the groups of smaller size lost weight, the number of groups losing weight depending on temperature. The distribution data were used to try to explain the interaction between temperature and LAI. It was proposed that community growth rate was best when canopy cover was complete and the distribution of plant weight was not strongly skewed.

Effects of Chronic Ozone Exposure on the Growth of Trifolium subterraneum and Trifolium repens

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Horsman ◽  
AO Nicholls ◽  
DM Calder
Keyword(s):  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Area 6 ◽  
Leaf Necrosis ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Plants of Trifolium subterraneum and T. repens were exposed to 9 parts per hundred million ozone for 4 h per day, 5 days per week for 5 weeks. Leaf necrosis was apparent after the first week of exposure and this was followed by the death of some leaves and stems. At the end of the exposure, significant reductions were found in total dry weight (30-40%), plant part dry weight and leaf area (ͭ6 30%). Ozone caused a rapid decline in relative growth rate which was related to a reduction in net assimilation rate.

Tolerance of subterranean clover cultivars and balansa clover to selective herbicides in Tasmania

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
PM Evans ◽  
RS Smith ◽  
JA Carpenter ◽  
TB Koen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Seedling Regeneration ◽  
Trifoliate Leaf ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Second Year

Fifteen cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and 1 cultivar of balansa clover (Trifolium balansae Boiss.) were screened for tolerance to 2,4-DB, MCPA-Na salt, MCPA amine, bromoxynil and combinations of these herbicides. The clovers were sprayed at the 3-4 trifoliate leaf stage and dry matter production assessed in the following spring. All herbicides reduced clover dry matter production (DM). The least damaging herbicides to subterranean clover were bromoxynil (0.3 kg a.i./ha) and MCPA-Na salt (0.313 kg a.i./ha) which reduced DM production by 23 and 39% respectively. The most damaging were 2,4-DB (0.8 kg a.i./ha) and MCPA amine (0.313 kg a.i./ha) plus bromoxynil (0.3 kg a.i./ha) which reduced DM production by 62 and 56% respectively. The damage caused by MCPA-Na salt (0.5 kg a.i./ha) plus bromoxynil (0.3 kg a.i./ha) was intermediate, reducing clover production by 44%. Second year seedling regeneration was reduced across all herbicide treatments by 32%. Of the currently recommended cultivars, Trikkala was the most tolerant to herbicides, with an average reduction in DM of 37%. Bromoxynil was the herbicide tolerated best by cvv. Enfield, Karridale, Larisa, Mt Barker and Woogenellup. The most effective weed killing treatments were 2,4-DB plus bromoxynil and MCPA-Na salt (0.5 kg a.i./ha) plus bromoxynil(0.3 kg a.i./ha).

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