Studies on competition for sulfur between subterranean clover and annual ryegrass. II. Interrelation of nitrogen supply and soil temperature

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Sulfur Deficiency ◽  
Sulfur Supply ◽  
Better Than

The effects of soil temperature (7, 13, 19 and 25�C) end supplies of nitrogen and sulfur on growth and competition between subterranean clover ( Triticum subterraneum cv. Trikkala) and ryegrass (Lolium rigidum cv. Wimmera) were examined in a glasshouse experiment over a period of 62 days. Soil temperature influenced competition for sulfur in mixtures of species supplied with nitrogen fertilizer. When the sulfur supply was low, there was no competition between the species at temperatures of 7 and 13�C. However, at 19 and 25�C ryegrass suppressed the yield and sulfur content of subterranean clover. When sulfur was applied to the mixture, nitrogen application did not result in competition at any temperature. When nitrogen supply was low, the yield and sulfur content of ryegrass were poor compared with those of subterranean clover. However, this did not result in competition between the species at low or high levels of sulfur supply. In both species, yield and sulfur content increased, and sulfur concentration decreased with increasing soil temperature. Hence there were severe symptoms of sulfur deficiency in plants grown with added nitrogen at 19 and 25'C, and no symptoms in plants grown at lower temperatures. While both species had the same optimum temperature range for growth (between 19 and 25�C), ryegrass grew relatively better than subterranean clover at lower temperatures.

Studies on competition for sulfur between subterranean clover and annual ryegrass. I. Effect of nitrogen and sulfur supply

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Sulfur Supply ◽  
Effect On Yield

The effects of nitrogen and sulfur supply on growth and competition between subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Trikkala) and ryegrass (Lohum rigidum cv. Wimmera) were examined in a glasshouse experiment over a period of 45 days and in a field experiment over one growing season by using the de Wit model. Sulfur supply had no effect on competition between the species. Yield and sulfur content of both species in mixtures were at least equal to those in monoculture, irrespective of nitrogen and sulfur supply. In swards which were severely deficient in nitrogen, subterranean clover was more responsive to increasing sulfur supply than was ryegrass, but this did not cause interspecific competition. Under field conditions during spring, there was some indication that ryegrass was the superior competitor in sulfur-deficient swards which had received nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen application reduced the percentage of subterranean clover in the sward at all levels of sulfur supply, because it had a much greater effect on yield of ryegrass relative to the yield of subterranean clover. Sulfur application increased the percentage of subterranean clover in the mixed swards at each level of nitrogen supply.

Sulfur nutrition of temperate pasture species. I. Effects of nitrogen supply on the external and internal sulfur requirements of subterranean clover and ryegrass

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
Sulfur Nutrition

The effects of nitrogen supply on the external and internal sulfur requirements of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Trikkala) and ryegrass (Lolium rigidum cv. Wimmera) were examined in a glasshouse experiment. Plants were grown for 28 and 42 days on a sulfur-deficient soil supplied with varying rates of sulfur. Nitrogen application increased the external requirement for sulfur of ryegrass by greatly stimulating growth and, to a lesser extent, sulfur content. Hence nitrogen application decreased sulfur concentrations in ryegrass. In subterranean clover there was relatively little effect of nitrogen application on the external requirement for sulfur because nitrogen did not greatly increase the sulfur content. Nitrogen application did not affect the external requirement for sulfur by changing the distribution of sulfur either between root and shoot or within shoots. The internal sulfur requirements, based either on sulfur concentrations or nitrogen to sulfur ratios, in the young leaves of both species were unaffected by nitrogen supply.

Sulfur nutrition of temperate pasture species. II. A comparison of subterranean clover cultivars, medics and grasses

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Sulfur Deficiency ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Sulfur Supply ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Brome Grass ◽  
Sulfur Nutrition

The external and internal requirements for sulfur of five pasture legumes and three grasses of temperate origin were examined in a pot experiment in which plants were grown with seven levels of sulfur supply for 58 days. Nitrogen supply was non-limiting. There was no distinct difference between legumes and grasses in their external requirement for sulfur (i.e. the amount of sulfur required for 90% of maximum yield) or in their sensitivity to sulfur deficiency (i.e. yield at the lowest sulfur supply expressed as a percentage of maximum yield). The requirement for sulfur (mg/pot) fell in the following order: Hunter River lucerne (24) > Jemalong barrel medic (19) > brome grass and Wimmera ryegrass (18) > barley grass (15) > Clare subterranean clover (13) > Trikkala subterranean clover (11) > Seaton Park subterranean clover (10). The high external requirement for sulfur of Hunter River lucerne appears to be due to its poor ability to distribute sulfur from root to shoot and to its high internal requirement for sulfur. However, for Jemalong barrel medic, the high external requirement was solely due to its high internal requirement for sulfur. The higher external requirement for sulfur of the grasses compared with the subterranean clover cultivars appears to be due to the poorer ability of the grasses to obtain sulfur from the soil used in this experiment, rather than to differences in the transfer of sulfur from root to shoot, or in their internal requirement for sulfur.

scholarly journals Comparative effects of grazing, herbicide or forage conservation on barley grass content in Trifolium subterraneum L. clover-based pasture

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 800
Author(s):  
John W. Piltz ◽  
Simon J. Flinn ◽  
Leslie A. Weston
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Harvest Timing

Barley grass (Hordeum spp.) is a relatively short lived annual that provides high quality grazing early in the season, but its seed heads cause contamination of wool and carcasses, and may irritate the mouth, eyes and nose of sheep. Treatments were imposed on established subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) annual pasture in the same plots for three consecutive years (2015 to 2017) to evaluate changes in barley grass content. Treatments included: grazing alone (G), herbicide followed by grazing (HG), or a forage conservation harvest in early October, late October or early November consistent with an early silage harvest (ES), late silage harvest (LS) or hay cut (H). Grazing plus herbicide markedly reduced (P < 0.05) barley grass numbers compared with all other treatments, but increased (P < 0.05) the growth of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum L.). ES reduced (P < 0.05) barley grass and increased (P < 0.05) subterranean clover compared with H, but broadleaf weed content benefitted by LS in contrast to either ES or H. Although herbicide application was the most effective method for barley grass control, forage harvest timing could be used to beneficially manipulate pasture composition.

Studies on competition for sulfur between subterranean clover and annual ryegrass. III. Effects of plant density and nitrogen supply

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Competitive Situation ◽  
Lateral Branches

The effects of plant density and supplies of nitrogen and sulfur on competition for sulfur between subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Trikkala) and ryegrass (Lolium rigidum cv. Wimmera) were studied in a glasshouse experiment over a period of 40 days. Irrespective of the density or proportion of each species in the mixture, changes in the supply of nitrogen and sulfur did not cause interspecific competition for sulfur. For subterranean clover, sulfur application increased the number of lateral branches, petiole length and shoot yield. Sulfur application had similar effects on ryegrass, but only at the high level of nitrogen supply. Nitrogen application increased leaf length and tiller number of ryegrass, and increased yield and sulfur content of shoots of both species. In swards where both species were in equal proportions, increasing the overall density from 10 to 30 plants/pot (i.e. from 497 to 1490 plants/m2) did not affect botanical composition or result in interspecific competition, but increased the degree of intraspecific competition. As density increased, the number of branches (tillers), the yield and the sulfur content per plant of each species decreased. Increasing plant density increased the average length of subterranean clover petioles, but had no effect on the average length of ryegrass leaves. When the ryegrass density in mixed swards was low, increasing the density of subterranean clover plants resulted in interspecific competition to the detriment of ryegrass. This competitive situation was considered to be due to competition for light, as it was not alleviated by the addition of sulfur and nitrogen.

scholarly journals The Effect of Altering Nitrogen and Sulfur Supply on the Growth of Cut Chrysanthemums

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Chun Huang ◽  
Ellen T. Paparozzi ◽  
Carol Gotway
Keyword(s):  
Stem Length ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Sulfur Deficiency ◽  
Dendranthema Grandiflora ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
S Deficiency ◽  
Block Time ◽  
Flower Diameter ◽  
Sulfur Supply

`Dark Yellow Fuji Mefo' chrysanthemums (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) were grown hydroponically with either 64, 127, or 254 mg·L-1 N and either 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 mg·L-1 S in a randomized complete block. Time to flower was measured and symptoms of S deficiency were observed on root, stem, and leaf systems. New leaves and inflorescences were analyzed for S, and lower leaves were analyzed for N concentration. There were four sampling dates and two experiments. Flower diameter was measured when flowers were present, while stem length was measured every sampling date. Nitrogen application could be reduced by half to 127 mg·L-1 as long as some S, 4 mg·L-1 in the fall and 8 mg·L-1 in the spring, was applied. Sulfur deficiency symptoms observed included branchless roots, which aged earlier, overall yellowing of new leaves, and reddening on the leaf abaxial starting from older leaves and moving acropetally. Plants receiving no S had smaller leaves, shorter stems, delayed inflorescence initiation, and restricted inflorescence development. Without S, plants did not produce flowers suitable for commercial sale.

Competitive growth of capeweed (Arctotheca calendula) and some annual pasture species

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (61) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG McIvor ◽  
DF Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Competitive Growth ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Competition For Light

A comparison of the relative growth rates (RGR) of plants of capeweed (Arctotheca calendula), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) under high soil fertility conditions showed capeweed to have a higher RGR in the early weeks of growth, offsetting the effect of smaller seed size. However, when grown in mixed swards with the clover, under conditions of high NPK and water availability, capeweed did not readily suppress clover growth. If the capeweed and clover began growth together, clover growth was reduced by associated capeweed only after twelve weeks of growth, and then only slightly. If the capeweed was established four weeks before the clover there was a marked reduction of clover growth at the harvest eight weeks after the clover was sown. The results suggest that 'smothering' of clover by capeweed through competition for light is unlikely in grazed pastures in southern Australia.

Subterranean clover as a winter forage crop in a subtropical environment

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (76) ◽  
pp. 631 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Kemp
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Subtropical Environment

The feasibility of using subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) rather than oats (Avena spp.) or annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) as a low cost winter forage crop was studied over three years at Taree (lat 32�S) on the subtropical east coast of Australia. When sown in early autumn, with sufficient moisture, subterranean clover yields during the winter were equal to oats liberally supplied with nitrogen, though initial yields from oats were greater over the first two months from sowing. Subterranean clover and ryegrass yields were similar during winter when sown in early autumn. In a dry year, the best results were obtained from sowing subterranean clover in mid autumn. Late autumn or early winter sowings of subterranean clover were unsatisfactory. It was concluded that sowing subterranean clover at high rates (30 kg ha-1) in early autumn provides a suitable low cost, alternative, winter forage crop.

The effect of defoliation and sward density on the growth of some annual pasture species

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (61) ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
JG McIvor ◽  
DF Smith
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Plant Survival

The comparative production from pure and mixed swards of capeweed (Arctotheca calendula), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) grown in containers was measured over a 12-week period. Densities of one to 64 plants dm-2, and clipping frequencies of two- and four-weekly intervals and no defoliation were combined factorially. Plant survival decreased as density rose for all swards. More frequent defoliation increased the survival of capeweed and clover in mixed swards and capeweed in pure swards. In both pure and mixed swards, capeweed produced the most herbage at low densities, but this advantage was not maintained at the highest density in undefoliated swards when ryegrass was the most productive. Increased defoliation reduced root weights. The treatments only affected the root : shoot ratios of capeweed grown at high densities-clipping at four-week intervals gave higher ratios. In the mixed swards, capeweed content declined and clover and ryegrass content increased as density was increased. Capeweed content was little altered by defoliation, but subterranean clover increased and ryegrass decreased with more frequent defoliation.

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