Studies on competition for sulfur between subterranean clover and annual ryegrass. I. Effect of nitrogen and sulfur supply

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Sulfur Supply ◽  
Effect On Yield

The effects of nitrogen and sulfur supply on growth and competition between subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Trikkala) and ryegrass (Lohum rigidum cv. Wimmera) were examined in a glasshouse experiment over a period of 45 days and in a field experiment over one growing season by using the de Wit model. Sulfur supply had no effect on competition between the species. Yield and sulfur content of both species in mixtures were at least equal to those in monoculture, irrespective of nitrogen and sulfur supply. In swards which were severely deficient in nitrogen, subterranean clover was more responsive to increasing sulfur supply than was ryegrass, but this did not cause interspecific competition. Under field conditions during spring, there was some indication that ryegrass was the superior competitor in sulfur-deficient swards which had received nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen application reduced the percentage of subterranean clover in the sward at all levels of sulfur supply, because it had a much greater effect on yield of ryegrass relative to the yield of subterranean clover. Sulfur application increased the percentage of subterranean clover in the mixed swards at each level of nitrogen supply.

Studies on competition for sulfur between subterranean clover and annual ryegrass. II. Interrelation of nitrogen supply and soil temperature

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Sulfur Deficiency ◽  
Sulfur Supply ◽  
Better Than

The effects of soil temperature (7, 13, 19 and 25�C) end supplies of nitrogen and sulfur on growth and competition between subterranean clover ( Triticum subterraneum cv. Trikkala) and ryegrass (Lolium rigidum cv. Wimmera) were examined in a glasshouse experiment over a period of 62 days. Soil temperature influenced competition for sulfur in mixtures of species supplied with nitrogen fertilizer. When the sulfur supply was low, there was no competition between the species at temperatures of 7 and 13�C. However, at 19 and 25�C ryegrass suppressed the yield and sulfur content of subterranean clover. When sulfur was applied to the mixture, nitrogen application did not result in competition at any temperature. When nitrogen supply was low, the yield and sulfur content of ryegrass were poor compared with those of subterranean clover. However, this did not result in competition between the species at low or high levels of sulfur supply. In both species, yield and sulfur content increased, and sulfur concentration decreased with increasing soil temperature. Hence there were severe symptoms of sulfur deficiency in plants grown with added nitrogen at 19 and 25'C, and no symptoms in plants grown at lower temperatures. While both species had the same optimum temperature range for growth (between 19 and 25�C), ryegrass grew relatively better than subterranean clover at lower temperatures.

Sulfur nutrition of temperate pasture species. I. Effects of nitrogen supply on the external and internal sulfur requirements of subterranean clover and ryegrass

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
Sulfur Nutrition

The effects of nitrogen supply on the external and internal sulfur requirements of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Trikkala) and ryegrass (Lolium rigidum cv. Wimmera) were examined in a glasshouse experiment. Plants were grown for 28 and 42 days on a sulfur-deficient soil supplied with varying rates of sulfur. Nitrogen application increased the external requirement for sulfur of ryegrass by greatly stimulating growth and, to a lesser extent, sulfur content. Hence nitrogen application decreased sulfur concentrations in ryegrass. In subterranean clover there was relatively little effect of nitrogen application on the external requirement for sulfur because nitrogen did not greatly increase the sulfur content. Nitrogen application did not affect the external requirement for sulfur by changing the distribution of sulfur either between root and shoot or within shoots. The internal sulfur requirements, based either on sulfur concentrations or nitrogen to sulfur ratios, in the young leaves of both species were unaffected by nitrogen supply.

Competition among seedlings of perennial grasses, subterranean clover, white clover, and annual ryegrass in replacement series mixtures

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Successful Establishment

Seedlings of 3 perennial grasses, Danthonia linkii Kunthcv. Bunderra, D. richardsonii Cashmore cv. Taranna(wallaby grasses), and Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa,were each grown in replacement series mixtures with seedlings ofTrifolium repens L. (white clover),Trifolium subterraneum L. var. brachycalycinum (Katzn.et Morley) Zorahy & Heller cv. Clare (subterraneanclover), and Lolium rigidum L. (annual ryegrass). Plantswere sown 5 cm apart in boxes (45 by 29 by 20 cm) at a density of 307plants/m2. Maximum likelihood estimates were usedto derive parameters of a non-linear competition model using the dry matterweights of perennial grasses and competitors at 3 harvests, approximately 168,216, and 271 days after sowing. Intra-plant competition was examined inmonocultures of each species, grown at plant spacings of 2, 5, and 8 cm apartwith plants harvested at the above times.Competition occurred in all perennial grass–competitor mixtures, exceptin those of each perennial grass with white clover and thephalaris–subterranean clover mixture (Harvest 1) and those withD. richardsonii and phalaris grown with white clover(Harvest 2). For D. richardsonii (Harvests 1 and 2) andD. linkii (Harvest 1 only) grown with white clover andthe phalaris–subterranean clover (Harvest 1), the two species in themixture were not competing. In the phalaris–white clover mixture, eachspecies was equally competitive (Harvests 1 and 2). These differences incompetition and aggressiveness reflected differences in individual plantweights in monocultures where there was an effect (P < 0.05) of species ondry matter weight per box, but no significant effect of plant spacing.These data indicated that for successful establishment,D. richardsonii and D. linkiishould not be sown in swards with either subterranean clover or white clover,or where populations of annual ryegrass seedlings are likely to be high.Phalaris was more compatible with both white clover and subterranean clover,but aggressively competed with by annual ryegrass.

scholarly journals Comparative effects of grazing, herbicide or forage conservation on barley grass content in Trifolium subterraneum L. clover-based pasture

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 800
Author(s):  
John W. Piltz ◽  
Simon J. Flinn ◽  
Leslie A. Weston
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Harvest Timing

Barley grass (Hordeum spp.) is a relatively short lived annual that provides high quality grazing early in the season, but its seed heads cause contamination of wool and carcasses, and may irritate the mouth, eyes and nose of sheep. Treatments were imposed on established subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) annual pasture in the same plots for three consecutive years (2015 to 2017) to evaluate changes in barley grass content. Treatments included: grazing alone (G), herbicide followed by grazing (HG), or a forage conservation harvest in early October, late October or early November consistent with an early silage harvest (ES), late silage harvest (LS) or hay cut (H). Grazing plus herbicide markedly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) barley grass numbers compared with all other treatments, but increased (P &lt; 0.05) the growth of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum L.). ES reduced (P &lt; 0.05) barley grass and increased (P &lt; 0.05) subterranean clover compared with H, but broadleaf weed content benefitted by LS in contrast to either ES or H. Although herbicide application was the most effective method for barley grass control, forage harvest timing could be used to beneficially manipulate pasture composition.

Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Seaton Park). I. Effects of copper supply on growth and development

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Reuter ◽  
AD Robson ◽  
JF Loneragan ◽  
DJ Tranthim-Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Internode Elongation ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Lateral Branches

Effects of severe and moderate copper deficiency on the development of leaves and lateral branches, on the distribution of dry weight within the plant, and on seed yield of Seaton Park subterranean clover were assessed as part of three glasshouse experiments. Copper deficiency markedly depressed top and root growth without producing any distinctive symptoms. It retarded phasic development by delaying development of leaves and lateral branches, senescence of plant parts, and flowering: it also depressed the proportion of stem plus petiole in plant tops and decreased internode elongation, pollen fertility and the number of burrs and seeds formed. As a result of its effect in delaying flowering, copper deficiency would depress seed production particularly strongly when low soil water supply shortens the growing season. The need for suitable procedures for diagnosing copper deficiency is emphasized by the lack of specific plant symptoms in this species.

Seed production and persistence of Carnamah and other early strains of Trifolium subterraneum in the wheatbelt of Western Australia

1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (24) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Taylor ◽  
RC Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Flowering ◽  
The Other ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Seed Yields

Seed production and persistence of the Carnamah, Northam A, Dwalganup, and Geraldton strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were examined in undefoliated swards in the wheatbelt of Western Australia. The early flowering characteristic of Carnamah was not always associated with higher seed yields. Only when there was a well-defined, early finish to the growing season, or when flowering was very much earlier in Carnamah (viz., following an early 'break' to the season), did this strain clearly outyield both Northam A and Geraldton. The seed yield of Dwalganup was generally inferior to that of the other strains. Factors affecting regeneration are discussed. Under low rainfall conditions, poorer germination-regulation of Carnamah, compared with Geraldton and Northam A, would be expected to result in poorer persistence unless offset by higher seed yields in the Carnamah strain.

Studies on competition for sulfur between subterranean clover and annual ryegrass. III. Effects of plant density and nitrogen supply

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Competitive Situation ◽  
Lateral Branches

The effects of plant density and supplies of nitrogen and sulfur on competition for sulfur between subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Trikkala) and ryegrass (Lolium rigidum cv. Wimmera) were studied in a glasshouse experiment over a period of 40 days. Irrespective of the density or proportion of each species in the mixture, changes in the supply of nitrogen and sulfur did not cause interspecific competition for sulfur. For subterranean clover, sulfur application increased the number of lateral branches, petiole length and shoot yield. Sulfur application had similar effects on ryegrass, but only at the high level of nitrogen supply. Nitrogen application increased leaf length and tiller number of ryegrass, and increased yield and sulfur content of shoots of both species. In swards where both species were in equal proportions, increasing the overall density from 10 to 30 plants/pot (i.e. from 497 to 1490 plants/m2) did not affect botanical composition or result in interspecific competition, but increased the degree of intraspecific competition. As density increased, the number of branches (tillers), the yield and the sulfur content per plant of each species decreased. Increasing plant density increased the average length of subterranean clover petioles, but had no effect on the average length of ryegrass leaves. When the ryegrass density in mixed swards was low, increasing the density of subterranean clover plants resulted in interspecific competition to the detriment of ryegrass. This competitive situation was considered to be due to competition for light, as it was not alleviated by the addition of sulfur and nitrogen.

Responses of intensively grazed dairy pastures to applications of fertiliser nitrogen in south-western Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 927 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. A. Bolland ◽  
I. F. Guthridge
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Total N ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility

For the first time, we quantified pasture dry matter (DM) responses to applied fertiliser nitrogen (N) for intensively grazed, rain-fed, dairy pastures on sandy soils common in the Mediterranean-type climate of south-western Australia. The pastures are composed of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and annual and Italian ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud. and L. multiflorum Lam.). Six rates of N, as urea (46% N), were applied to 15 m by 15 m plots four times during 2002 and after each of the first 5–7 grazings in 2003 and 2004, throughout the typical April–October growing season. Total rates of N applied in the first year of the experiments were 0, 60, 120, 160, 200 and 320 kg N/ha, which were adjusted in subsequent years as detailed in the ‘Materials and methods’ section of this paper. The pastures in the experiments were rotationally grazed, by starting grazing when ryegrass plants had 2–3 leaves per tiller. The amount of pasture DM on each plot was measured before and after each grazing and was then used to estimate the amount of pasture DM consumed by the cows at each grazing for different times during the growing season. Linear increases (responses) of pasture DM to applied N occurred throughout the whole growing season when a total of up to 320 kg N/ha was applied in each year. No maximum yield plateaus were defined. Across all three experiments and years, on average in each year, a total of ~5 t/ha consumed DM was produced when no N was applied and ~7.5 t/ha was produced when a total of 200 kg N/ha was applied, giving ~2.5 t/ha increase in DM consumed and an N response efficiency of ~12.5 kg DM N/kg applied. As more fertiliser N was applied, the proportion of ryegrass in the pasture consistently increased, whereas clover content decreased. Concentrations of nitrate-N in the DM consistently increased as more N was applied, whereas concentrations of total N, and, therefore, concentration of crude protein in the DM, either increased or were unaffected by applied N. Application of N had no effect on concentrations of other mineral elements in DM and on dry matter digestibility and metabolisable energy of the DM. The results were generally consistent with findings of previous pasture N studies for perennial and annual temperate and subtropical pastures. We have shown that when pasture use for milk production has been maximised in the region, it is profitable to apply fertiliser N to grow extra DM consumed by dairy cows; conversely, it is a waste of money to apply N to undergrazed pastures to produce more unused DM.

Effect of fertilizer nitrogen, stocking rate and autumn deferment of grazing in association with hay cutting on the root structure of annual pasture species

1976 ◽  
Vol 16 (78) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Doyle ◽  
MJ Sharkey
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Root Structure ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
Hordeum Leporinum ◽  
Main Components

Length, weight, branching and chemical composition of roots of barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) and subterranean clover, (Trifolium subterraneum), the main components of a non-irrigated pasture were measured in the fourth year of an experiment on pastures grazed by Corriedale wethers. The grazing treatments were in a factorial design (2 x 2 x 3) replicated three times, with three stocking rates, two levels of nitrogen fertilizer and two methods of management. Grass and clover density was reduced progressively as stocking rate was increased from 10 to 12 to 17 wethers ha-1 but the surviving plants at maturity had vigorous root systems. This performance of annual species contrasts with that of perennial pasture species where root development and root branching may be expected to decline with increase in grazing pressure. Applications of nitrogen fertilizer annually at rates of 0 or 67 kg ha-1 had little effect on density of grasses or clovers but clover roots were lighter and had fewer rhizobia nodules where nitrogen fertilizer had been applied. The management of pasture by deferment of grazing during regeneration was beneficial to clover plants in that their root structure was larger at maturity; similar effects were not evident in grass roots.

The influence of the growing season and the following dry season on the hardseeedness of subterranean clover in different environments

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
BN Quinlivan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Hard Seeds ◽  
Soil Surface Temperature

The length of the growing period in the spring months appears to be a critical factor in the development of hardseededness in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Environments with relatively long spring growing periods cause a higher proportion of hard seeds to form at field maturity, and increase the resistance which these hard seeds are capable of offering to the softening effects of the following summer environment. During the dry summer period the rate of softening of hard seeds is determined, not only by the previous growing season but also by the summer environment itself. Hot summer environments with wide soil surface temperature fluctuations are conducive to a relatively rapid rate of softening. Grazing or removal of the dry topgrowth from a pasture during the summer increases the daily soil surface temperature fluctuations, and results in the hard seeds softening at an increased rate. Differences in the overall environment manifest themselves in terms of site and seasonal variation in the proportion of hard seeds which survive beyond the opening of the following growing season. The scope for variation is wide, and this has agronomic significance from the aspect of long-term persistence of the species.

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