Sulfur nutrition of temperate pasture species. I. Effects of nitrogen supply on the external and internal sulfur requirements of subterranean clover and ryegrass

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
Sulfur Nutrition

The effects of nitrogen supply on the external and internal sulfur requirements of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Trikkala) and ryegrass (Lolium rigidum cv. Wimmera) were examined in a glasshouse experiment. Plants were grown for 28 and 42 days on a sulfur-deficient soil supplied with varying rates of sulfur. Nitrogen application increased the external requirement for sulfur of ryegrass by greatly stimulating growth and, to a lesser extent, sulfur content. Hence nitrogen application decreased sulfur concentrations in ryegrass. In subterranean clover there was relatively little effect of nitrogen application on the external requirement for sulfur because nitrogen did not greatly increase the sulfur content. Nitrogen application did not affect the external requirement for sulfur by changing the distribution of sulfur either between root and shoot or within shoots. The internal sulfur requirements, based either on sulfur concentrations or nitrogen to sulfur ratios, in the young leaves of both species were unaffected by nitrogen supply.

Studies on competition for sulfur between subterranean clover and annual ryegrass. II. Interrelation of nitrogen supply and soil temperature

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Sulfur Deficiency ◽  
Sulfur Supply ◽  
Better Than

The effects of soil temperature (7, 13, 19 and 25�C) end supplies of nitrogen and sulfur on growth and competition between subterranean clover ( Triticum subterraneum cv. Trikkala) and ryegrass (Lolium rigidum cv. Wimmera) were examined in a glasshouse experiment over a period of 62 days. Soil temperature influenced competition for sulfur in mixtures of species supplied with nitrogen fertilizer. When the sulfur supply was low, there was no competition between the species at temperatures of 7 and 13�C. However, at 19 and 25�C ryegrass suppressed the yield and sulfur content of subterranean clover. When sulfur was applied to the mixture, nitrogen application did not result in competition at any temperature. When nitrogen supply was low, the yield and sulfur content of ryegrass were poor compared with those of subterranean clover. However, this did not result in competition between the species at low or high levels of sulfur supply. In both species, yield and sulfur content increased, and sulfur concentration decreased with increasing soil temperature. Hence there were severe symptoms of sulfur deficiency in plants grown with added nitrogen at 19 and 25'C, and no symptoms in plants grown at lower temperatures. While both species had the same optimum temperature range for growth (between 19 and 25�C), ryegrass grew relatively better than subterranean clover at lower temperatures.

Studies on competition for sulfur between subterranean clover and annual ryegrass. III. Effects of plant density and nitrogen supply

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Competitive Situation ◽  
Lateral Branches

The effects of plant density and supplies of nitrogen and sulfur on competition for sulfur between subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Trikkala) and ryegrass (Lolium rigidum cv. Wimmera) were studied in a glasshouse experiment over a period of 40 days. Irrespective of the density or proportion of each species in the mixture, changes in the supply of nitrogen and sulfur did not cause interspecific competition for sulfur. For subterranean clover, sulfur application increased the number of lateral branches, petiole length and shoot yield. Sulfur application had similar effects on ryegrass, but only at the high level of nitrogen supply. Nitrogen application increased leaf length and tiller number of ryegrass, and increased yield and sulfur content of shoots of both species. In swards where both species were in equal proportions, increasing the overall density from 10 to 30 plants/pot (i.e. from 497 to 1490 plants/m2) did not affect botanical composition or result in interspecific competition, but increased the degree of intraspecific competition. As density increased, the number of branches (tillers), the yield and the sulfur content per plant of each species decreased. Increasing plant density increased the average length of subterranean clover petioles, but had no effect on the average length of ryegrass leaves. When the ryegrass density in mixed swards was low, increasing the density of subterranean clover plants resulted in interspecific competition to the detriment of ryegrass. This competitive situation was considered to be due to competition for light, as it was not alleviated by the addition of sulfur and nitrogen.

Studies on competition for sulfur between subterranean clover and annual ryegrass. I. Effect of nitrogen and sulfur supply

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Sulfur Supply ◽  
Effect On Yield

The effects of nitrogen and sulfur supply on growth and competition between subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Trikkala) and ryegrass (Lohum rigidum cv. Wimmera) were examined in a glasshouse experiment over a period of 45 days and in a field experiment over one growing season by using the de Wit model. Sulfur supply had no effect on competition between the species. Yield and sulfur content of both species in mixtures were at least equal to those in monoculture, irrespective of nitrogen and sulfur supply. In swards which were severely deficient in nitrogen, subterranean clover was more responsive to increasing sulfur supply than was ryegrass, but this did not cause interspecific competition. Under field conditions during spring, there was some indication that ryegrass was the superior competitor in sulfur-deficient swards which had received nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen application reduced the percentage of subterranean clover in the sward at all levels of sulfur supply, because it had a much greater effect on yield of ryegrass relative to the yield of subterranean clover. Sulfur application increased the percentage of subterranean clover in the mixed swards at each level of nitrogen supply.

scholarly journals Comparative effects of grazing, herbicide or forage conservation on barley grass content in Trifolium subterraneum L. clover-based pasture

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 800
Author(s):  
John W. Piltz ◽  
Simon J. Flinn ◽  
Leslie A. Weston
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Harvest Timing

Barley grass (Hordeum spp.) is a relatively short lived annual that provides high quality grazing early in the season, but its seed heads cause contamination of wool and carcasses, and may irritate the mouth, eyes and nose of sheep. Treatments were imposed on established subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) annual pasture in the same plots for three consecutive years (2015 to 2017) to evaluate changes in barley grass content. Treatments included: grazing alone (G), herbicide followed by grazing (HG), or a forage conservation harvest in early October, late October or early November consistent with an early silage harvest (ES), late silage harvest (LS) or hay cut (H). Grazing plus herbicide markedly reduced (P < 0.05) barley grass numbers compared with all other treatments, but increased (P < 0.05) the growth of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum L.). ES reduced (P < 0.05) barley grass and increased (P < 0.05) subterranean clover compared with H, but broadleaf weed content benefitted by LS in contrast to either ES or H. Although herbicide application was the most effective method for barley grass control, forage harvest timing could be used to beneficially manipulate pasture composition.

Comparison of single superphosphate and superphosphate coated with bauxite residue for subterranean clover production on phosphorus-leaching soils

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Summers ◽  
Martin Clarke ◽  
Tim Pope ◽  
Tim O'Dea
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Phosphorus Uptake ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Coated Granules

Bauxite residue from alumina refining was used to coat granules of single superphosphate to reduce the leaching of phosphorus in coarse, sandy soils for pastures in high rainfall areas of south-western Australia (>800 mm annual average). The impact of coating the superphosphate on the leaching of phosphorus was measured in a glasshouse experiment and the effectiveness of the fertiliser using dry herbage yield of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) was measured in a field experiment. The glasshouse experiment measured the effect of coating the superphosphate with bauxite residue at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40% by weight. A coating of 25% (by weight) was chosen for the field experiment. In the glasshouse experiment, the coated granules were applied to columns of soil, where subterranean clover was grown under leaching conditions. A coating of 30%, by weight, reduced leaching of single superphosphate by about half. Increasing the coating of bauxite residue also increased the phosphorus uptake and increased the plant growth. In the field trial, the effectiveness of single superphosphate with a bauxite residue coating of 25% by weight was increased on average by 100% in Year 1, 303% in Year 2, and 158% in Year 3, relative to freshly applied single superphosphate. The bauxite residue coating also increased the phosphorus content of the herbage in a similar manner to the increases in yield. Limited soil phosphorus tests showed only minor increases in the residues of phosphorus where the superphosphate had been coated with bauxite residue.

Irrigated pasture productivity and its variability in the Shepparton region of northern Victoria

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (121) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Pasture Productivity

The seasonal distribution and variability of growth of three types of irrigated pastures were measured at Kyabram over a period of up to seven years. The pasture types studied were (1) paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum)-dominant perennial pasture, (2) ryegrass (Lolium perenne)/clover (Trifolium repens) perennial pasture, and (3) annual pasture based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). The influence of environmental factors on the year-to-year variability in monthly growth rates was also examined. Annual growth curves were constructed for each pasture type, and examination of the variability about each monthly mean indicated that the spring months, and October in particular, were the most variable months for pasture growth. Environmental factors were found to account for part of the year-to-year variation in pasture growth of paspalum pastures in August, September, October, November and April. Higher mean maximum temperatures significantly increased growth in September, October and April, with the greatest response occurring in October; hours of sunshine was the significant factor influencing growth in August and November. Annual pasture growth also responded to changes in mean maximum temperature or hours of sunshine in September and October. The comparative mean annual production of paspalum pasture, ryegrass/clover pasture and annual pasture was 18.3, 18.3 and 11.0 t DM/ha, respectively. These levels of production represented 1.1, 1.2 and 1.6% conversion of photosynthetically active radiation during the growing period of the three pasture types, respectively. These levels of productivity and the animal production that should result, suggest that the pasture productivity on many irrigated dairy farms is either very low or the pasture that is grown is inefficiently utilized. Because animal productivity depends on pasture productivity more than any other single factor, farmers should make improvement of pasture growth their major aim while having regard for the variability in growth that can result from variations in environmental factors.

Distribution of magnesium in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in relation to supply

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 499 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Scott ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Supply Current

The objectives of this study were to examine Mg distribution in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), to identify an appropriate tissue for diagnosis of deficiency and to establish minimum tissue concentrations associated with maximum plant growth. Plants were grown in solution culture with both discontinued (40 8M and 160 8M reduced to nil) and constant supply (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 8M Mg). Magnesium was depleted from old leaves when Mg supply to the roots was interrupted. However, deficiency symptoms occurred first on the young tissue under these conditions. Under constant but inadequate supply, initial deficiency symptoms occurred in old tissue. Symptoms in leaves were associated with Mg concentrations in the leaf of < 1046 8g g-1 with constant root supply and 586 8g g-1 when supply was interrupted. At luxury constant supply, concentrations of Mg tended to be higher in the older leaves than in the young leaves; the reverse occurred with inadequate supply. Tissue choice for diagnosis was not critical, but the minimum Mg concentration in tissue commensurate with maximum shoot growth varied from 740 8g g-1 for the unifoliate leaf to 1310 8g g-1 in the youngest open leaf (YOL), when plants were grown under constant Mg supply. Current supply of Mg to roots was reflected more rapidly in the concentrations in young leaf than in old leaf tissue.

Effect of spelling newly sown pastures

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (64) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
RCG Smith ◽  
EF Biddiscombe ◽  
WR Stern
Keyword(s):  
Growth Form ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass

Newly sown pure swards of Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) were either grazed or spelled (deferred) for five weeks after emergence in autumn and then evaluated with young Merino wethers stocked at 10 sheep ha-1. Sheep on deferred pastures had higher intakes and liveweight than on plots continuously grazed. Spelling increased the availability of pasture for prehension due to a greater weight of herbage being offered and the more erect growth form. Under continuous grazing the animal productivity on clover was much lower than on ryegrass but following deferment, both species had similar productivity. The beneficial effects of spelling after emergence were manifest over the ensuing ten months by liveweight, fleeceweight and number of days of grazing. Spelling also increased seed reserves at the end of summer and the number of plants re-establishing at the beginning of the next growing season.

The growth of barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) in annual pasture. 4. The effect of some management practices on barley grass content

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (35) ◽  
pp. 706 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Smith
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Hordeum Leporinum ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass

The effects of three grazing treatments and three mowing treatments on the dominance of barley grass (Hordeum leporinum) in an annual pasture were examined. Different spring grazing patterns did not markedly alter the amount of seed. Mowing favoured the legume component; topping less so than cutting lower as for hay or silage. However, none of these practices totally prevented barley grass from setting seed, and their effects were partly offset by late irrigation. Oversowing with subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) did reduce barley grass seed setting but alone u-as not effective in changing botanical composition. Compared with Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), barley grass showed greater persistence.

Effect of calcium on the growth and virulence of Phytophthora clandestina

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Simpfendorfer ◽  
T. J. Harden
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Seedling Biomass ◽  
Pathogenic Races ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
The Individual

Calcium was found to significantly stimulate both the mycelial growth and virulence of Phytophthora clandestina, the major soilborne fungal pathogen of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). On average, the addition of calcium as either CaCO3 or CaCl2 to 3 artificial media increased the in vitro growth of 15 isolates from 20 to 135%. Calcium was also shown to increase the severity of root disease caused by 6 isolates of P. clandestina by up to 100% in a glasshouse experiment. The addition of Ca2+ as CaCl2 had a greater stimulatory effect on the virulence of P. clandestina towards cv. Woogenellup seedlings (up to 57% reduction in seedling biomass) than supplementing with CaCO3 (maximum 36% decrease). The virulence of 6 isolates from 3 different pathogenic races of P. clandestina were examined in the glasshouse experiment. Differences in the virulence of P. clandestina towards cv. Woogenellup seedlings was shown to be dependent on the individual isolate rather than the pathogenic race to which it is assigned.

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