The effect of sulfur supply on the root characteristics of subterranean clover and annual ryegrass

1984 ◽  
Vol 77 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 377-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Gilbert ◽  
A. D. Robson
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Sulfur Supply

Studies on competition for sulfur between subterranean clover and annual ryegrass. II. Interrelation of nitrogen supply and soil temperature

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Sulfur Deficiency ◽  
Sulfur Supply ◽  
Better Than

The effects of soil temperature (7, 13, 19 and 25�C) end supplies of nitrogen and sulfur on growth and competition between subterranean clover ( Triticum subterraneum cv. Trikkala) and ryegrass (Lolium rigidum cv. Wimmera) were examined in a glasshouse experiment over a period of 62 days. Soil temperature influenced competition for sulfur in mixtures of species supplied with nitrogen fertilizer. When the sulfur supply was low, there was no competition between the species at temperatures of 7 and 13�C. However, at 19 and 25�C ryegrass suppressed the yield and sulfur content of subterranean clover. When sulfur was applied to the mixture, nitrogen application did not result in competition at any temperature. When nitrogen supply was low, the yield and sulfur content of ryegrass were poor compared with those of subterranean clover. However, this did not result in competition between the species at low or high levels of sulfur supply. In both species, yield and sulfur content increased, and sulfur concentration decreased with increasing soil temperature. Hence there were severe symptoms of sulfur deficiency in plants grown with added nitrogen at 19 and 25'C, and no symptoms in plants grown at lower temperatures. While both species had the same optimum temperature range for growth (between 19 and 25�C), ryegrass grew relatively better than subterranean clover at lower temperatures.

Studies on competition for sulfur between subterranean clover and annual ryegrass. I. Effect of nitrogen and sulfur supply

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Fertilizer Nitrogen ◽  
Sulfur Supply ◽  
Effect On Yield

The effects of nitrogen and sulfur supply on growth and competition between subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum cv. Trikkala) and ryegrass (Lohum rigidum cv. Wimmera) were examined in a glasshouse experiment over a period of 45 days and in a field experiment over one growing season by using the de Wit model. Sulfur supply had no effect on competition between the species. Yield and sulfur content of both species in mixtures were at least equal to those in monoculture, irrespective of nitrogen and sulfur supply. In swards which were severely deficient in nitrogen, subterranean clover was more responsive to increasing sulfur supply than was ryegrass, but this did not cause interspecific competition. Under field conditions during spring, there was some indication that ryegrass was the superior competitor in sulfur-deficient swards which had received nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen application reduced the percentage of subterranean clover in the sward at all levels of sulfur supply, because it had a much greater effect on yield of ryegrass relative to the yield of subterranean clover. Sulfur application increased the percentage of subterranean clover in the mixed swards at each level of nitrogen supply.

Competition among seedlings of perennial grasses, subterranean clover, white clover, and annual ryegrass in replacement series mixtures

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Successful Establishment

Seedlings of 3 perennial grasses, Danthonia linkii Kunthcv. Bunderra, D. richardsonii Cashmore cv. Taranna(wallaby grasses), and Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa,were each grown in replacement series mixtures with seedlings ofTrifolium repens L. (white clover),Trifolium subterraneum L. var. brachycalycinum (Katzn.et Morley) Zorahy & Heller cv. Clare (subterraneanclover), and Lolium rigidum L. (annual ryegrass). Plantswere sown 5 cm apart in boxes (45 by 29 by 20 cm) at a density of 307plants/m2. Maximum likelihood estimates were usedto derive parameters of a non-linear competition model using the dry matterweights of perennial grasses and competitors at 3 harvests, approximately 168,216, and 271 days after sowing. Intra-plant competition was examined inmonocultures of each species, grown at plant spacings of 2, 5, and 8 cm apartwith plants harvested at the above times.Competition occurred in all perennial grass–competitor mixtures, exceptin those of each perennial grass with white clover and thephalaris–subterranean clover mixture (Harvest 1) and those withD. richardsonii and phalaris grown with white clover(Harvest 2). For D. richardsonii (Harvests 1 and 2) andD. linkii (Harvest 1 only) grown with white clover andthe phalaris–subterranean clover (Harvest 1), the two species in themixture were not competing. In the phalaris–white clover mixture, eachspecies was equally competitive (Harvests 1 and 2). These differences incompetition and aggressiveness reflected differences in individual plantweights in monocultures where there was an effect (P < 0.05) of species ondry matter weight per box, but no significant effect of plant spacing.These data indicated that for successful establishment,D. richardsonii and D. linkiishould not be sown in swards with either subterranean clover or white clover,or where populations of annual ryegrass seedlings are likely to be high.Phalaris was more compatible with both white clover and subterranean clover,but aggressively competed with by annual ryegrass.

scholarly journals Comparative effects of grazing, herbicide or forage conservation on barley grass content in Trifolium subterraneum L. clover-based pasture

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 800
Author(s):  
John W. Piltz ◽  
Simon J. Flinn ◽  
Leslie A. Weston
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Harvest Timing

Barley grass (Hordeum spp.) is a relatively short lived annual that provides high quality grazing early in the season, but its seed heads cause contamination of wool and carcasses, and may irritate the mouth, eyes and nose of sheep. Treatments were imposed on established subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) annual pasture in the same plots for three consecutive years (2015 to 2017) to evaluate changes in barley grass content. Treatments included: grazing alone (G), herbicide followed by grazing (HG), or a forage conservation harvest in early October, late October or early November consistent with an early silage harvest (ES), late silage harvest (LS) or hay cut (H). Grazing plus herbicide markedly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) barley grass numbers compared with all other treatments, but increased (P &lt; 0.05) the growth of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum L.). ES reduced (P &lt; 0.05) barley grass and increased (P &lt; 0.05) subterranean clover compared with H, but broadleaf weed content benefitted by LS in contrast to either ES or H. Although herbicide application was the most effective method for barley grass control, forage harvest timing could be used to beneficially manipulate pasture composition.

Control of the nematode associated with annual ryegrass toxicity

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
AC McKay ◽  
JM Fisher ◽  
AJ Dube
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Parasitic Fungus ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Legume Growth ◽  
Annual Ryegrass Toxicity

To control the nematode Anguina funesta (considered by some to be A. agrostis), the vector in annual ryegrass toxicity, pasture management treatments were applied before and after gall initiation. Before gall initiation, the herbicides paraquat and diclofop methyl were used to remove ryegrass. These treatments gave good control of the nematode, but reduced pasture production in winter when feed is generally scarce. Diclofop methyl had no detrimental effect on legume growth, and was more effective on actively growing ryegrass than was paraquat, which severely retarded subterranean clover. Desiccating the ryegrass heads, with mechanical topping or the desiccant herbicide paraquat, after gall initiation, but before hatching of the second-stage juveniles ( J2s ) , gave good control of the nematode population. The main limitations with mechanical topping are that the ryegrass heads must be tall enough to cut before the J2s hatch and not all paddocks are suitable for topping. With paraquat, the main limitations are that treated material was susceptible to weathering and there was less regrowth to set seed. Oxamyl, a systemic nematicide applied after gall initiation, had no effect on the nematode, nor had spraying pasture with the nematode parasitic fungus Verticillium sp.

Effect of short chemical fallow on Rhizoctonia bare patch and root rot of wheat at Esperance, Western Australia

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 671 ◽  
Author(s):  
GC MacNish ◽  
CS Fang
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Bare Patch ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Mixture Prior ◽  
Chemical Fallow

The effects of short chemical fallows after ryegrass pasture on rhizoctonia bare patch and root rot ofwheat were studied in 2 experiments at the Esperance Downs Research Station, 35 km north of Esperance, W.A. In 1 experiment the subterranean-clover dominant pasture was sprayed with a paraquat-diquat mixture prior to resowing with annual ryegrass at densities ranging from 3 to about 400 plants m-2. The ryegrass was allowed to grow for either 42 or 63 days prior to treatment with a desiccant herbicide (paraquat-diquat) followed by a short chemical fallow of 26 or 5 days, respectively, before sowing with wheat using minimum tillage. Some treatments were cultivated twice to 10 cm. Neither the ryegrass density nor the length of chemical fallow had any effect (P=0.05) on rhizoctonia bare patch score or incidence or severity of root rot. However, cultivation caused 76% reduction in mean patch score and a 38 and 68% reduction in mean rhizoctonia incidence and severity respectively. Yield was negatively correlated with rhizoctonia incidence and severity: each 1% increase in incidence percentage resulted in 17 kg ha-1 reduction in grain yield of wheat. In another experiment, chemical fallow periods of 66, 52, 24 or 1 day prior to sowing wheat had no effect (P= 0.05) on rhizoctonia root rot incidence.

Survival of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) in a Mediterranean type environment. 1. Effect of summer grazing by sheep on seed numbers and seed germination in autumn

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Gramshaw ◽  
WR Stern
Keyword(s):  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Grazing History ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Summer Grazing

Annual ryegrass–subterranean clover pastures that produced about 5000 kg total dry weight per hectare and 23,500 ryegrass seed per sq metre in spring were grazed by sheep at different stocking rates during summer. Intensive stocking equivalent to about 3000 sheep days ha-1 reduced seed numbers by 20%. Under continuous grazing, about 70% of the seed produced in spring fell readily to the ground during summer. The remaining seed was firmly held in seed heads, and apparently sheep ate mainly this component. Less than 1% of the seed ingested was voided in the faeces. No significant changes in seed numbers over summer were observed in ungrazed pasture. Subsequently, at the break of season in autumn, germination of seeds was examined in situ near the soil surface. The summer grazing history of pastures influenced the percentage of seeds that germinated; more seeds germinated in heavily than in leniently grazed pastures. Whether the pasture was leniently or heavily grazed, there was little effect on germination of shed seeds. Seeds in seed heads were found to germinate more slowly than seeds shed to the soil surface. Seedling emergence in autumn was regulated mainly by the interrelationship between the germination rate of the seed population, depending on summer-early autumn rains, and the period for which favourable moisture conditions prevailed at the soil surface after rain began in autumn. In the field, temperature and light appeared to be unimportant in influencing germination at the break of season. Dynamics of seed and seedling numbers in annual ryegrass pastures in a Mediterranean type environment, particularly at the break of season, are discussed.

Manipulation of buried seed reserves by timing of soil tillage in Mediterranean-type pastures

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Forcella ◽  
AM Gill
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Polygonum Aviculare ◽  
Red Brome ◽  
Bromus Rubens

Environmental requirements for seed germination and seedling growth vary appreciably among pasture species. Therefore, it is possible that the botanical composition of pastures may be manipulated by timely seasonal exposure of the soil-seed reserve to conditions that promote germination differentially. This possibility was examined in two Mediterranean type pastures in which plots were tilled once per year, each in a different month, for 2 years. For several pasture species, effects were estimated with respect to numbers of soil seeds, numbers of emergent seedlings and canopy coverage. Individual species showed specific behaviour patterns. Seeds of sorrel (Rumex acetosella) and wireweed (Polygonum aviculare) maintained abundant seed in the soil, those of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) were less persistent, and seeds of red brome (Bromus rubens) and silvergrass ( Vulpia spp.) occurred only seasonally in the soil-seed pools. Mature plants of red brome, silvergrass and subterranean clover attained dominance only in summer and early autumn-tilled plots. Annual ryegrass was more abundant when soil was cultivated in late autumn and early winter, whereas sorrel and wireweed were significant only in plots ploughed in winter. Thus botanical composition may be altered radically by time of tillage, and this has several practical implications for pasture management and weed control.

Sulfur supply and the formation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas by Glomus fasciculatum on subterranean clover

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 877-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.D. Thomson ◽  
A.D. Robson ◽  
L.K. Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizas ◽  
Glomus Fasciculatum ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Sulfur Supply

Sulfur nutrition of temperate pasture species. II. A comparison of subterranean clover cultivars, medics and grasses

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Gilbert ◽  
AD Robson
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Sulfur Deficiency ◽  
Barrel Medic ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Sulfur Supply ◽  
Wimmera Ryegrass ◽  
Brome Grass ◽  
Sulfur Nutrition

The external and internal requirements for sulfur of five pasture legumes and three grasses of temperate origin were examined in a pot experiment in which plants were grown with seven levels of sulfur supply for 58 days. Nitrogen supply was non-limiting. There was no distinct difference between legumes and grasses in their external requirement for sulfur (i.e. the amount of sulfur required for 90% of maximum yield) or in their sensitivity to sulfur deficiency (i.e. yield at the lowest sulfur supply expressed as a percentage of maximum yield). The requirement for sulfur (mg/pot) fell in the following order: Hunter River lucerne (24) > Jemalong barrel medic (19) > brome grass and Wimmera ryegrass (18) > barley grass (15) > Clare subterranean clover (13) > Trikkala subterranean clover (11) > Seaton Park subterranean clover (10). The high external requirement for sulfur of Hunter River lucerne appears to be due to its poor ability to distribute sulfur from root to shoot and to its high internal requirement for sulfur. However, for Jemalong barrel medic, the high external requirement was solely due to its high internal requirement for sulfur. The higher external requirement for sulfur of the grasses compared with the subterranean clover cultivars appears to be due to the poorer ability of the grasses to obtain sulfur from the soil used in this experiment, rather than to differences in the transfer of sulfur from root to shoot, or in their internal requirement for sulfur.

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