Nutritional value of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) meals for growing pigs and rats. 2. Effect of autoclaving and alkali treatment

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 337 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Visitpanich ◽  
ES Batterham ◽  
BW Norton
Keyword(s):  
Trypsin Inhibitor ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor Activity ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Inhibitor Activity

Four experiments were conducted with rats to investigate the effects of autoclaving and alkali treatment on the growth-promoting ability of pigeonpea meal. In the fifth experiment, the effect of autoclaving pigeonpea meal was evaluated with pigs. With rats, there was a quadratic response (P < 0.05) in growth and feed conversion ratio to autoclaving pigeonpea seed for 15 min at 100-140�C, with maximum response occurring at c. 124�C. However, growth rate was still lower and feed conversion ratio higher than those of rats fed soybean meal (P < 0.05). Imbibing pigeonpea seed in alkali and subsequently drying it to original weight did not reduce tannin content but did reduce the trypsin-inhibitor activity from 10.3 to 5.1 units mg-1. Although both alkali treatment and autoclaving of the alkali-treated seed improved the growth and feed conversion ratios of rats, these treatments did not overcome the differences in protein quality between the pigeonpea and soybean meal diets. Autoclaving pigeonpea seed for 15 min at 110, 124 and 140�C reduced the trypsin-inhibitor activity of the meals from 11.2 to 0.7 units mg-'. Compared to pigs fed on unheated pigeonpea meal, pigs given autoclaved meal had higher (P < 0.05) growth rates and improved feed conversion ratios. These improved growth responses were similar to those produced by soybean meal.

Lupinus albus cv. Ultra and Lupinus angustifolius cv. Unicrop as protein concentrates for growing pigs

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 369 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Batterham
Keyword(s):  
Growth Phase ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Lupinus Albus ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Lupinus Angustifolius ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Concentrates ◽  
Dressing Percentage

Lupinus albus cv. Ultra and Lupinus angustifolius cv. Unicrop were evaluated relative to soybean meal as sole protein concentrates in wheat-based diets for growing pigs. To ensure that this comparison was on an equal protein and lysine basis, small amounts of free lysine were added to the lupin diets. The digestible energy contents of the soybean, Ultra and Unicrop meals were 15.2, 15.0 and 15.3 MJ/kg (air-dry basis) respectively. The performances of pigs fed on diets based on the Unicrop and soybean meals were similar in all parameters, except that the Unicrop diet resulted in a significantly lower dressing percentage (P < 0.01) and a slightly higher feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) when calculated on a carcass basis. Pigs fed on Ultra lupins showed significantly lower (P < 0.05) growth rates and significantly higher (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratios during the 20–45 kg growth phase; and significantly lower carcass gains (P < 0.01) and higher feed conversion ratios on a carcass basis (P < 0.05) during the 20–80 kg growth phase. The dressing percentage of pigs fed on Ultra lupins was similar to that of those fed on Unicrop lupins and significantly lower than for pigs fed on soybean meal (P < 0.01). The Ultra lupins contained 3750 ppm manganese, and this may have contributed to the depressed performance of pigs on Ultra meal.

scholarly journals Copy number variation of amylase alpha 2B gene is associated with feed efficiency traits in Large White pigs--title not given--

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsukasa Yoshidomi ◽  
Kazuaki Tanaka ◽  
Tatsuya Takizawa ◽  
Satoshi Nikaido ◽  
Tetsuya Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copy Number Variation ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Number Variation

Copy number variation (CNV) of the AMY gene in humans has been enthusiastically studied for its association with starch digestibility and obesity. The alpha-amylase (AMY) is a major starch digestive enzyme in mammals. This study aimed to determine the association between CNV of the porcine pancreatic amylase (AMY2B) gene and feed efficiency. Improvement of feed efficiency in growing pigs is of great economic interest. We assayed the copy number of AMY2B by using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) in a Large White pig population. We identified three genotypes for AMY2B CNVs, namely I/I (homozygotes of haplotype I; a chromosome with one copy of AMY2B), I/II (heterozygotes of haplotype I and II; a chromosome with two copies) and II/II (homozygotes of haplotype II). We tested the genotypes of the parental generation consisting of six males, 21 females and 265 offspring piglets to validate the AMY2B CNV genotyping. With very few mistyping exceptions, copy numbers of AMY2B were transmitted to piglets in segregation ratios following Mendelian inheritance. Finally, we performed an association analysis between the CNV of the AMY2B gene and feed efficiency traits in 207 uncastrated male pigs. The generalised linear model analysis showed the significant effects of AMY2B CNV genotype on average daily feed intake, total feed intake and feed conversion ratio during growth from 30 kg to 100 kg body weight. However, it was not associated with average daily gain, backfat thickness and loin eye muscle area. Individuals with the genotype I/I had about 76.6 ± 27.1 g lower average daily feed intake, 5.35 ± 1.90 kg lower total feed intake and 0.089 8 ± 0.026 5 lower feed conversion ratio than individuals with I/II and II/II genotypes. Thus, AMY2B CNV has the potential to be an effective genetic marker that could reduce feed costs for pig farming.  

Moist barley for growing pigs: some effects of storage method and processing

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
H. Denerley ◽  
C. S. Stewart ◽  
F. W. H. Elsley
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Bacterial Development ◽  
Feeding Value

SUMMARYForty-eight pigs were used to compare the feeding value of barley which had been stored dry, and then hammer-milled, with that of barley stored moist, either anaerobically or treated with 1·3% propionic acid, and then rolled. The pigs were fed from 30 kg live weight for a period of 11 weeks and during this period all consumed the same allowance of dry matter. The growth rate and feed conversion ratio of the pigs given the rolled moist barley were significantly poorer than those of others given dry milled or acid treated rolled barley. There were no treatment differences in carcass attributes.Microbiological counts made throughout the experiment showed that there was no significant fungal or bacterial development on the acid treated barley. Similar numbers of bacteria were present on the dry barley as on the moist, but the fungal count for the moist grain was always at least 500 times higher than that of the corresponding dry sample. The dominant organisms were identified.In a further experiment the apparent digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen of diets containing dry, moist or propionic acid treated barley, processed either by milling or rolling, were determined. The highest values were obtained for dry barley. Acid treated moist barley had lower values than moist barley. The method of processing did not affect the apparent digestibility of the dry matter, but that of the N was significantly lower for the rolled barleys.

Effect of expanded diets on growth performance, meat quality and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Jian Lei ◽  
Jun Bae ◽  
Ju Lee ◽  
Sang Lee ◽  
In Kim
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Daily Gain

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of expanded diets on growth performance, meat quality, and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of 80 finishing pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] were randomly allotted to two dietary treatments: 1) unexpanded corn-soybean meal diets; 2) expanded corn-soybean meal diets. Each treatment consisted of ten replicate pens with four pigs (2 gilts and 2 barrows) per pen. There were no differences in daily feed intake and daily gain throughout the experiment (P less than 0.05). However, expanded diets decreased feed conversion ratio compared with unexpanded diets (P less than 0.05). Expanded diets had no effect on carcass characteristics and meat quality with the exception of increased sensory evaluation (color) of meat compared with unexpanded diets (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, expanded diets can improve feed conversion ratio but have no effect on daily gain and daily feed intake and sensory evaluation of meat color.

Nutritive value of yellow lupins (Lupinus luteus L.) for weaner pigs

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Kim ◽  
J. R. Pluske ◽  
B. P. Mullan
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Yellow Lupin ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Weaner Pigs

Two experiments were conducted to examine the nutritive value of yellow lupins for weaner pigs. Using a completely randomised block design, Experiment 1 was conducted to determine the optimum inclusion level for yellow lupins (cv. Wodjil) in the diet of weaner pigs (6.14 kg ± 0.278). Experiment 2 was conducted using a 2 × 2 factorial design to examine whether supplementation of an enzyme preparation (VegPro) either in a soybean meal-based diet (0 g/kg yellow lupins) or in a yellow lupin-based diet (150 g/kg) improved performance of piglets (6.17 kg ± 0.317). In Experiment 1, the feed conversion ratio significantly increased at week 1 (linear effect, P = 0.040) and at week 3 (quadratic effect, P = 0.010) as the concentration of yellow lupins increased in the diet. In Experiment 2, supplementation with the enzyme preparation improved the feed conversion ratio in the pigs fed the lupin-based diet only but not in the pigs fed the soybean meal-based diet in week 2 (interaction P = 0.001). The results indicate that the optimum inclusion levels of yellow lupins for piglets immediately after weaning was 150 g/kg, and supplementation of a multi-enzyme preparation to a yellow lupin-based diet for the weaner pigs improved performance relative to the soybean meal-based diet.

scholarly journals Effects of Diet Protein Level on Growing-Finishing Pig Performance in a Tropical Environment

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-282
Author(s):  
J. Le Dividich ◽  
I. Canope
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Pig Performance

The effect of increasing the dietary crude protein (CP) level on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of Large White pigs reared in Guadeloupe under tropical climatic conditions was determined. Test animals included 32 females and 32 barrows, each weighing about 24 kg initially. They were individually fed one of four test diets based on corn and soybean-oil meal containing 12, 16, 20, and 24% CP, respectively. The 12 and 16% CP diets were supplemented with synthetic L-lysine hydrochloride. The animals were slaughtered at 95 kg liveweight. On the basis of maximum daily gain and minimum feed conversion ratio, the best level of CP among the various levels compared was 16% for the growing pigs (from 24 to 60 kg liveweight) and 12% for the finishing pigs (from 60 kg to 95 kg liveweight). There was no significant effect of sex on growth performance, but the feed conversion ratio of the finishing females was 8% better than that of the barrows. As the dietary CP level increased, dressing percentage and backfat thickness decreased linearly (P < 0.05). Females were significantly leaner (P < 0.05) than barrows. Further work is needed to determine the optimum level of CP for finishing pigs.

scholarly journals Investigation of muscle transcriptomes using gradient boosting machine learning identifies molecular predictors of feed efficiency in growing pigs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farouk Messad ◽  
Isabelle Louveau ◽  
Basile Koffi ◽  
Hélène Gilbert ◽  
Florence Gondret
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Muscle Genes

Abstract Background Improving feed efficiency (FE) is a major challenge in pig production. This complex trait is characterized by a high variability. Therefore, the identification of predictors of FE may be a relevant strategy to reduce phenotyping efforts in breeding and selection programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of expressed muscle genes in prediction of FE traits in growing pigs. The approach considered different transcriptomics experiments to cover a large range of FE values and identify reliable predictors. Results Microarrays data were obtained from longissimus muscles of two lines divergently selected for residual feed intake (RFI). Pigs (n = 71) from three experiments belonged to generations 6 to 8 of selection, were fed either a diet with a standard composition or a diet rich in fiber and lipids, received feed ad libitum or at restricted level, and weighed between 80 and 115 kg at slaughter. For each pig, breeding value for RFI was estimated (RFI-BV), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and energy-based feed conversion ratio (FCRe) were calculated during the test periods. Gradient boosting algorithms were used on the merged muscle transcriptomes to identify very important predictors of FE traits. About 20,405 annotated molecular probes were commonly expressed in longissimus muscle across experiments. Six to 267 expressed muscle genes covering a variety of biological processes were found as important predictors for RFI-BV (R2=0.63-0.65), FCR (R2=0.61-0.70) and FCRe (R2=0.49-0.52). The error of prediction was less than 8% for FCR. Altogether, 56 predictors were common to RFI-BV and FCR. Expression levels of 24 target genes were further measured by qPCR. Linear regression confirmed the good accuracy of combining mRNA levels of these genes to fit FE traits (RFI-BV: R2=0.73, FRC: R2=0.76; FCRe: R2=0.75). Stepwise regression procedure highlighted 10 genes (FKBP5, MUM1, AKAP12, FYN, TMED3, PHKB, TGF, SOCS6, ILR4, and FRAS1) in a linear combination predicting FCR and FCRe. In addition, FKBP5 and expression levels of five other genes (IGF2, SERINC3, CSRNP3, EZR and RPL16) significantly contributed to RFI-BV. Conclusion It was possible to identify few genes expressed in muscle that might be reliable predictors of feed efficiency.

scholarly journals Investigation of muscle transcriptomes using gradient boosting machine learning identifies molecular predictors of feed efficiency in growing pigs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farouk Messad ◽  
Isabelle Louveau ◽  
Basile Koffi ◽  
Hélène Gilbert ◽  
Florence Gondret
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Muscle Genes

Abstract Background Improving feed efficiency (FE) is a major challenge in pig production. This complex trait is characterized by a high variability. Therefore, the identification of predictors of FE may be a relevant strategy to reduce phenotyping efforts in breeding and selection programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability of expressed muscle genes in prediction of FE traits in growing pigs. The approach considered different transcriptomics experiments to cover a large range of FE values and identify reliable predictors. Results Microarrays data were obtained from longissimus muscles of two lines divergently selected for residual feed intake (RFI). Pigs (n = 71) from three experiments belonged to generations 6 to 8 of selection, were fed either a diet with a standard composition or a diet rich in fiber and lipids, received feed ad libitum or at restricted level, and weighed between 80 and 115 kg at slaughter. For each pig, breeding value for RFI was estimated (RFI-BV), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and energy-based feed conversion ratio (FCRe) were calculated during the test periods. Gradient boosting algorithms were used on the merged muscle transcriptomes to identify very important predictors of FE traits. About 20,405 annotated molecular probes were commonly expressed in longissimus muscle across experiments. Six to 267 expressed muscle genes covering a variety of biological processes were found as important predictors for RFI-BV (R2=0.63-0.65), FCR (R2=0.61-0.70) and FCRe (R2=0.49-0.52). The error of prediction was less than 8% for FCR. Altogether, 56 predictors were common to RFI-BV and FCR. Expression levels of 24 target genes were further measured by qPCR. Linear regression confirmed the good accuracy of combining mRNA levels of these genes to fit FE traits (RFI-BV: R2=0.73, FRC: R2=0.76; FCRe: R2=0.75). Stepwise regression procedure highlighted 10 genes (FKBP5, MUM1, AKAP12, FYN, TMED3, PHKB, TGF, SOCS6, ILR4, and FRAS1) in a linear combination predicting FCR and FCRe. In addition, FKBP5 and expression levels of five other genes (IGF2, SERINC3, CSRNP3, EZR and RPL16) significantly contributed to RFI-BV. Conclusion It was possible to identify few genes expressed in muscle that might be reliable predictors of feed efficiency.

Decorticated safflower meal as a protein supplement in diets fed either restrictively or ad libitum to barrow and gilt pigs over 45 kg liveweight

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (66) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Williams ◽  
PK O'Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Daily Gain

Twenty barrow and twenty gilt Berkshire x Large White pigs were fed barley based diets containing protein supplements of either 13 per cent soybean meal, 9 per cent fishmeal, 14.5 per cent safflower meal plus 0.2 per cent I-lysine mono hydrochloride plus 0.1 per cent methionine or 14.5 per cent safflower meal plus 4.5 per cent fishmeal from 46.4 to 87.0 kg liveweight. All diets were fed individually at a restricted feeding scale. The safflower meal diets were also fed ad libitum. Barrows and gilts fed ad libitum recorded a 65 and 27 per cent improvement respectively in average daily gain and had slightly fatter carcases than those fed comparable diets restrictively. Feed conversion ratio was not significantly affected by level of feeding. Growth and carcase attributes of pigs fed diets restrictively were similar apart from the feed conversion ratio of pigs fed the amino acid supplemented safflower meal diet, which was inferior (P < 0.05) to those fed the soybean meal supplemented diets. Barrows grew faster and produced fatter carcases than gilts, A significant sex x diet interaction occurred from which it was concluded that gilts, but not barrows, could be fed ad libitum without detriment to the quality of the carcase.

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