Soil management for irrigated vegetable production. I. The growth of processing tomatoes following soil preparation by cultivation, zero-tillage and an in situ-grown mulch

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 817 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Stirzaker ◽  
BG Sutton ◽  
N Collis-George
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Tillage Treatment ◽  
Processing Tomatoes

A sequence of lettuce and tomato crops was grown in a field experiment on a sandy loam soil in order to study the relationship between soil tillage and plant growth under the near optimal water and nutrient conditions which are characteristic of vegetable production. This paper describes the performance of processing tomato crops, grown over two seasons under a range of soil management systems. The soil management systems included a cultivated and a zero-tillage treatment, as well as a zero-tillage treatment which followed a crop of subterranean clover (Trifoliurn subterraneum L.). The subterranean clover was sown in autumn and senesced in early summer to form an in-situ mulch. The bulk density of the soil in the zero-tillage treatment was high, and this was associated with a large reduction in vegetative growth, compared with the cultivated treatment. The bulk density of the soil was also high in the treatment where the subterranean clover was grown, but the vegetative growth of tomatoes was equal to that in the cultivated treatment. Despite the large differences in vegetative growth among treatments, there was no significant difference in the fruit yield. These results show that processing tomatoes can be successfully grown under zero-tillage when irrigation and fertilizer are well managed, and that vegetative growth and fruit yield are poorly correlated. The in-situ mulch of subterranean clover improved the physical conditions of the soil compared to the zero-tillage treatment, successfully controlled weeds and reduced soil erosion, but at the cost of having land out of production during the winter.

Soil management for irrigated vegetable production. II. Possible causes for slow vegetative growth of lettuce associated with zero tillage

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 831 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Stirzaker ◽  
JB Passioura ◽  
BG Sutton ◽  
N Collis-George
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Hard Soil ◽  
Tillage Treatment

This work explores the consequences of using zero-tillage for irrigated vegetable production. The research is based on the hypothesis that, under the well-watered and adequately fertilized conditions prevailing in commercial vegetable growing, the reduced root density expected under zero-tillage should not limit vegetative growth. To test this hypothesis, irrigated lettuce crops were grown under a range of soil physical conditions on a hardsetting sandy loam soil. Crops were grown during the spring, autumn and summer, in order to compare zero-tillage and cultivation treatments under conditions of low, medium and high evaporative demand. Lettuce yields under zero-tillage were reduced relative to those under cultivation for each of these crops. However, calculations based on a model which describes the movement of water to roots show that the root length measured in the zero-tillage treatment greatly exceeded that required to meet the potential evaporative demand in the field. A possible explanation for the reduced growth is given, based on an inhibitory root signal which has been shown under controlled conditions to reduce shoot growth in hard soil even when the leaves are well supplied with water and nutrients. When lettuce was grown under zero-tillage, but following a crop of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) which senesced in summer to form an in-situ mulch, yield was as high as in cultivated soil. The soil near the surface in this treatment was not only moister and physically weaker than that from the conventional zero-tillage treatment, but also likely to contain biopores which would provide zones of low root impedance in an otherwise hard soil.

scholarly journals Effects of soil management systems on soil microbial activity, bulk density and chemical properties

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 1539-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Alexandra Reis Valpassos ◽  
Eloiza Gomes Silva Cavalcante ◽  
Ana Maria Rodrigues Cassiolato ◽  
Marlene Cristina Alves
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Microbial Activity ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Crop Sequence ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of soil management systems on the bulk density, chemical soil properties, and on the soil microbial activity on a Latossolo Vermelho distrófico (Oxisol). Soil samples were collected from plots under the following management conditions: a) natural dense "cerrado" vegetation (savanna); b) degraded Brachiaria decumbens pasture, 20 years old; c) no-tillage treatment with annual crop sequence (bean, corn, soybean and dark-oat in continuous rotation), 8 years old; d) conventional tillage treatment with crop residues added to the soil, and annual crop sequence, 10 years old. The continuous use of no-tillage system resulted in an increase in microbial biomass and decrease in soil basal respiration, therefore displaying evident long-term effects on the increase of soil C content. The no-tillage system also provided an improvement in bulk density and chemical properties of the soil. Hence, the no-tillage management system could be an alternative for the conservation and maintenance of physical and chemical conditions and the productive potential of "cerrado" soils.

Soil structural conditions of vineyards under two soil management systems

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 450 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Cock
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Vineyard Soil

The soil structural conditions of two management systems of vineyard soil on Barmera Sandy Loam in the Riverland of South Australia were compared. Three years of zero cultivation and weed mulching were compared with long term winter cropping and cultivation between vines. Significant increases in 1 mm dry aggregates, aggregate stability and percentage of large pores were measured under zero tillage. Significant reductions also occurred for bulk density and penetration resistance of the 6-12 cm layer of the zero-tilled soil. The results suggest that infiltration, aeration and root growth of vines would improve under a long-term program of zero tillage and weed mulching.

scholarly journals Effect of Soil Management Systems on the Vegetative Growth Potential of Black Currant (Ribes nigrum L.) Cultivars

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Svetlana M. Paunović ◽  
Mihailo Nikolić ◽  
Rade Miletić
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Ribes Nigrum ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Bare Fallow

Summary This experiment evaluated the effect of soil management systems on the vegetative growth potential of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) cultivars. Three soil management systems were used: I – bare fallow i.e. continuous tillage; II – sawdust mulch, and III – black polyethylene foil mulch. Six black currant cultivars were included: ‘Ben Lomond’, ‘Ben Sarek’, ‘Titania’, ‘Čačanska Crna’, ‘Tisel’ and ‘Tiben’. The highest values of vegetative growth parameters were obtained in 'Čačanska Crna' and 'Ben Lomond' and the lowest in 'Ben Sarek'. Bare fallow and sawdust mulch treatments showed no differences in the tested parameters, whereas significantly lower values were recorded under foil mulch treatment.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

Soil management.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joann Whalen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Surface Wind ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Horticultural Crops

Abstract Horticulture involves growing crops and ornamental plants in indoor and outdoor environments. Horticultural crops include food crops such as vegetables and fruits (including tree fruits, small fruits and grapes), as well as nut- and seed-bearing plants, herbs and spices. Many non-food crops are also managed by horticulturalists, including medicinal plants, tobacco, hemp, ornamental plants and flowers. Horticultural crops grow naturally in temperate, sub-tropical and tropical climates of the world, although many of these crops are sufficiently robust that they can be grown in any suitable controlled environment. In 2015, astronauts on the International Space Station grew, harvested and ate red romaine lettuce from their VEGGIE system (Vegetable Production System), which has successfully produced lettuce, Swiss chard, radishes, Chinese cabbage and peas in simulated space environments. The VEGGIE is equipped with adequate lighting, water and nutrients to grow vegetables, relying on the space station's cabin environment for temperature and pressure control, and as a source of carbon dioxide for plant growth (NASA, 2016). Most horticultural crops are planted in soil, although modern cultivation techniques include other media, such as peat-based soil, compost, and inert substrates such as rockwool. A suitable growing media must provide anchorage and stability for the plant roots, considering the diverse life histories of horticultural crops. For example, plants that complete their life cycle in one (annual) or two (biennial) growing seasons does not produce the extensive, deep root system of a woody perennial that lives for several decades. Without adequate anchorage, shrubs and trees are vulnerable to blow down in wind-storms if their roots are in loose, fluid soils or if the plant has a shallow root system on a rocky strata close to the surface. Wind rocking of a poorly-anchored seedling can lead to fine roots breakage and root system detachment from soil, causing the plant to tilt. Soil management refers to the way that soils are cultivated to support horticultural crop growth. Actively growing roots need oxygen for their metabolic function, so the soil must have a crumbly, porous structure that allows for gas exchange with the atmosphere. The porous soil structure permits oxygen diffusion to the root zone, and for carbon dioxide respired by the roots to leave the soil environment. Since plants roots are responsible for obtaining most of the water required for metabolic functions and cooling leaf surfaces, the soil must retain and supply water to the roots while avoiding waterlogging, which inhibits root functions. Soil also provides many essential plant nutrients for crop growth, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and micronutrients (boron, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, chloride, molybdenum and nickel). Nutrient uptake in the root system is facilitated by plant interactions with soil-dwelling microorganisms, both free-living and symbiotic, which are abundant in the root zone. Good soil management is essential to produce nutritious, high yielding food and to support the growth of non-food crops like herbaceous and woody ornamentals. Soil management specialists are responsible for maintaining the soil physical integrity, its chemical balance and soil microbial life necessary for growing horticultural crops.

Corn rhizosphere microbial community in different long term soil management systems

2022 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 104339
Author(s):  
Eliane Cristina Gruszka Vendruscolo ◽  
Dany Mesa ◽  
Emanuel Maltempi de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Rhizosphere Microbial Community

scholarly journals Nutrient losses by water erosion

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ildegardis Bertol ◽  
Eloy Lemos Mello ◽  
Jean Cláudio Guadagnin ◽  
Almir Luis Vedana Zaparolli ◽  
Marcos Roberto Carrafa
Keyword(s):  
Soil Management ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Water erosion causes soil degradation, which is closely related to nutrient losses either in, the soluble form or adsorbed to soil particles, depending mainly on the adopted soil management system. This study was carried out in São José do Cerrito, SC, Brazil, between March 2000 and June 2001. The objective was to quantify available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium losses in water erosion obtained with simulated rainfall in the following soil management systems: conventional tillage with no-crop (bare soil) (BS), conventional tillage with soybean (CT), reduced tillage with soybean (RT), no tillage with soybean on a desiccated and burned natural pasture (DBNP), and no tillage with soybean on a desiccated natural pasture (DNP). A rotating boom rainfall simulator was used to perform three rainfall tests with constant intensity of 64 mm h-1 and sufficient duration to reach constant runoff rate, on a clayey-loam, well-structured Typic Hapludox, with an average slope of 0.18 m m-1. The first test was carried out five days before soybean emergence and the second and third at 30 and 60 days, respectively. The nutrient concentration in water and total losses of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium were higher under CT than in the other soil management systems.

scholarly journals INTERVALO HÍDRICO ÓTIMO PARA AVALIAÇÃO DE SISTEMAS DE PRODUÇÃO E RENDIMENTO DO FEIJÃO

Irriga ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Fernanda Simões Da Silva ◽  
Mara De Andrade Marinho ◽  
Raquel Stucchi Boschi ◽  
Edson Eiji Matsura
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Lower Limit ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Soil Physical Quality ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bean Yield

INTERVALO HÍDRICO ÓTIMO PARA AVALIAÇÃO DE SISTEMAS DE PRODUÇÃO E RENDIMENTO DO FEIJÃO Laura Fernanda Simões da Silva1; Mara de Andrade Marinho2; Raquel Stucchi Boschi3 E Edson Eiji Matsura2  ¹Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Rural / CCA / UFSCar Rodovia Anhanguera, km 174 – SP-330 - Araras - SP - Brasil - CEP: 13600-970, email: [email protected] ²Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Avenida Candido Rondon, n 501, Barão Geraldo, Campinas – SP, Brasil - CEP 13083-875, email: [email protected]; [email protected]³Secretaria de Gestão Ambiental e Sustentabilidade/ UFSCar Rod. Washington Luis, km 235 - São Carlos - SP - Brasil - CEP:13565-905, email: [email protected]  1 RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender o efeito de dois sistemas de produção agrícola, com e sem irrigação, sobre atributos físicos do solo e sobre o rendimento do feijão, utilizando o conceito de intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO). A pesquisa foi conduzida em parcelas experimentais situadas na região de Campinas, cultivadas com feijão sob Sistema Plantio Direto (SPD) e Sistema Convencional com Grade (SC). Para determinação do IHO, os atributos densidade do solo (Ds), curva de retenção de água (CRA), curva de resistência do solo à penetração (RP) e porosidade de aeração foram determinados para camada do solo 0-0,20 m, a partir de amostras indeformadas extraídas de diferentes locais, de modo a representar uma faixa ampla de variação da densidade do solo. O monitoramento da qualidade do solo e do desempenho dos sistemas de produção foi efetuado com base em dados de: Ds, umidade volumétrica e produtividade da cultura de feijão, irrigado e não irrigado para uma safra agrícola de inverno. Os limites do IHO foram definidos pelo q-0,01MPa (limite superior) e pelo q-1,5MPa (limite inferior), para os valores de Ds até 1,2 kg dm-3. A partir deste valor de Ds, o limite inferior passa a ser definido pelo qRP. O período de dias em que o solo permaneceu fora das condições ideais de umidade estabelecidas pelo IHO foi suficiente para afetar diferencialmente a produtividade do feijoeiro nos tratamentos não irrigados, com vantagem para o SPD. O IHO representa um importante indicador na avaliação da qualidade estrutural do solo submetido a diferentes sistemas de manejo. Ainda, o IHO pode ser utilizado no monitoramento da qualidade física do solo associado a uma maior ou menor frequência de ocorrência da umidade do solo fora dos limites estabelecido pelo mesmo. Palavras-chave: manejo de irrigação, densidade do solo, sistema plantio direto, sistema convencional, qualidade física.  Silva, L. F. S.; Marinho, M. A.; Boschi, R. S.; Matsura, E. E.LEAST LIMITING WATER RANGE TO ASSESS BEAN MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND YIELD   2 ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to understand the effect of two management systems, with and without irrigation, on soil physical properties and bean yield, using the concept of least limiting water range (LLWR). The study was conducted in experimental plots located in Campinas, planted with beans under no tillage system (NTS) and conventional system (SC). To determine the LLWR, bulk density (BD), water retention curve (WRC), soil resistance to penetration curve (SRPC) and macroporosity were determined for the layer 0-0.20 m, from undisturbed soil samples extracted from different locations to represent a wide range of bulk density. Monitoring of soil quality and performance of production systems was made based on the following data: BD, water content and productivity of bean crops, irrigated and non-irrigated, for a harvest of winter. The θ-0,01MPa determined the upper limit of the LLWR and θ-1,5MPa the lower limit to BD equal to 1.2 kg dm-3 from which the lower limit is set by SRPC. The period of days that the soil remained outside the ideal conditions of moisture established by the LLWR was enough to differentially affect bean yield in non-irrigated treatments, with better results for NTS. The LLWR is an important indicator for assessing the soil structural quality under different management systems. Additionally, the LLWR can be used to monitor the soil physical quality associated with a higher or lower frequency of occurrence of soil moisture outside the limits set by LLWR. Keywords: irrigation management, bulk density, direct drilling system, conventional system, soil physical quality.

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