New threats to endangered Cook’s scurvy grass (Lepidium oleraceum; Brassicaceae): introduced crop viruses and the extent of their spread

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh C. C. M. Van Vianen ◽  
Gary J. Houliston ◽  
John D. Fletcher ◽  
Peter B. Heenan ◽  
Hazel M. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
First Record ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Threatened Plant Species ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Turnip Yellows Virus ◽  
Coastal Plant

To date, most research conducted on plant viruses has centred on agricultural systems where viruses greatly reduce economic output. Introduced viruses are globally common and there is a lack of knowledge around how they might affect natural populations. Although it has been suggested that infectious disease may have played an underestimated role in past species extinctions, there is little empirical evidence. Cook’s scurvy grass (Lepidium oleraceum Sparrm. ex G.Forst; Brassicaceae) is a threatened coastal plant endemic to New Zealand. Following the discovery of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) in some glasshouse cultivated specimens, we surveyed wild extant Lepidium populations on the Otago coast for TuMV while screening for two other common crop viruses. We show that TuMV is almost ubiquitous among remaining wild L. oleraceum populations on the South Island’s east coast and report the first record of L. oleraceum as a host for both Cauliflower mosaic virus and Turnip yellows virus. The high incidence of virus infection throughout the study populations may make this system one of the first examples of introduced viruses affecting the conservation of a threatened plant species.

scholarly journals First Report of Soilborne Rye Mosaic Virus in Rye in Denmark

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 1074-1074 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Nielsen ◽  
M. Nicolaisen ◽  
R. Koenig ◽  
W. Huth
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Trypan Blue ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
First Record ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Polyclonal Antiserum ◽  
Polymyxa Graminis ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Rigid Rod

Soilborne wheat mosaic furovirus (SBWMV)-like particles were detected in rye (Secale cereale) grown in sandy soil in West Zealand during spring 1999. Infected plants showed yellow leaf mosaic and light stunting. Electron microscopy of negatively stained crude sap preparations revealed rigid rod-shaped particles with two average lengths, 296 and 162 nm; average diameter was 23 nm. Sap-inoculation to Chenopodium quinoa and C. amaranticolor produced local leaf lesions when grown at 17°C but none when grown at 22 to 25°C. All the features agree with the description of SBWMV (1). Immunosorbent electronmicroscopy with polyclonal antiserum produced by W. Huth to furovirus-like particles isolated from rye in Germany gave a distinct decoration to particles. Light microscopy of roots cleared with 10% KOH and stained with a 0.5% solution of trypan blue in lactoglycerol revealed resting spores with a morphology and size similar to Polymyxa graminis, a furovirus vector. This is the first record of a furovirus on cereals in Denmark. The complete nucleotide sequence of the isolate was analyzed and compared with data on isolates from wheat. Sequence identity was only 74%. Therefore, the isolate was designated as soilborne rye mosaic virus. SBRMV has been recorded previously in rye and triticale in several regions of Germany (2). References: (1) M. K. Brakke. 1971. CMI/AAB Descr. Plant Viruses No. 77. (2) W. Huth. Nachrichtenbl. Dtsch. Pflanzenschutzdienstes 50:163, 1998.

scholarly journals A Single Amino Acid Position in the Helper Component of Cauliflower Mosaic Virus Can Change the Spectrum of Transmitting Vector Species

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (21) ◽  
pp. 13587-13593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aranzazu Moreno ◽  
Eugénie Hébrard ◽  
Marilyne Uzest ◽  
Stéphane Blanc ◽  
Alberto Fereres
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Amino Acid Position ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Virus Vector ◽  
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Helper Component ◽  
Mode Of Transmission

ABSTRACT Viruses frequently use insect vectors to effect rapid spread through host populations. In plant viruses, vector transmission is the major mode of transmission, used by nearly 80% of species described to date. Despite the importance of this phenomenon in epidemiology, the specificity of the virus-vector relationship is poorly understood at both the molecular and the evolutionary level, and very limited data are available on the precise viral protein motifs that control specificity. Here, using the aphid-transmitted Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) as a biological model, we confirm that the “noncirculative” mode of transmission dominant in plant viruses (designated “mechanical vector transmission” in animal viruses) involves extremely specific virus-vector recognition, and we identify an amino acid position in the “helper component” (HC) protein of CaMV involved in such recognition. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that changing the residue at this position can differentially affect transmission rates obtained with various aphid species, thus modifying the spectrum of vector species for CaMV. Most interestingly, in a virus line transmitted by a single vector species, we observed the rapid appearance of a spontaneous mutant specifically losing its transmissibility by another aphid species. Hence, in addition to the first identification of an HC motif directly involved in specific vector recognition, we demonstrate that change of a virus to a different vector species requires only a single mutation and can occur rapidly and spontaneously.

Nuclear targeting of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) genomeThis review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-571
Author(s):  
Julie Champagne ◽  
Denis Leclerc
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Nuclear Localization ◽  
Nuclear Localization Signal ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽  
Nuclear Pore ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Nuclear Targeting ◽  
Localization Signal

The delivery of the double-stranded DNA viral genome into the nucleus is a critical step for the type member of Caulimoviridae, cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV). The nucleocapsid (NC) of CaMV is directly involved in this process. A nuclear localization signal located at the N-terminus of the NC was shown to be exposed at the surface of the virion. This nuclear localization signal appears to be important to direct the virus to the nuclear pore complex. The nuclear targeting of the NC needs to be tightly regulated because the process of virus assembly, which also involves the viral NC, occurs in the cytosol. It is now accepted that the N- and C-terminal extensions of the viral NC precursor are efficient regulatory sequences that determine the localization of the viral NC in infected leaves. Proteolytic maturation and phosphorylation of the N- and C-terminal extensions are also important in the regulation of this process. Despite these recent discoveries, the transport of CaMV toward and into the nucleus during early events in the infection cycle remains unclear. In this review, we summarize recent advances that explain the mechanisms of targeting of the CaMV genome to the nucleus and extract from other related animal and plant viruses mechanisms that could hint at the possible strategies used by CaMV to enter the nucleus.

scholarly journals The presence of turnip yellows virus in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in Serbia

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragana Milosevic ◽  
Maja Ignjatov ◽  
Zorica Nikolic ◽  
Ivana Stankovic ◽  
Aleksandra Bulajic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Beet Western Yellows Virus ◽  
Turnip Yellows Virus ◽  
Test Plants ◽  
Das Elisa

A total of 86 oilseed rape samples from six crops in different localities were collected during 2014 and analyzed for the presence of Turnip yellows virus (TuYV), Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) and Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) using commercial double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA kits. TuYV was serologically detected in 60 collected samples (69.77%), and none of the samples tested were positive for CaMV and TuMV. Six selected TuYV isolates were successfully transmitted by Myzus persicae to three test plants, confirming the infectious nature of the disease. In the selected ELISA-positive samples, the presence of TuYV was further confirmed by RT-PCR and sequencing. A comparison of the obtained sequence with those available in GenBank confirmed the presence of TuYV in oilseed rape samples. An analysis of P0 gene sequence data for a subset of these isolates showed they clustered with the known TuYV and were distinct from Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) isolates.

scholarly journals Noncoding RNAs of Plant Viruses and Viroids: Sponges of Host Translation and RNA Interference Machinery

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Allen Miller ◽  
Ruizhong Shen ◽  
William Staplin ◽  
Pulkit Kanodia
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽  
Translation Initiation Factor ◽  
Initiation Factor ◽  
Noncoding Sequences ◽  
Yellow Dwarf Virus

Noncoding sequences in plant viral genomes are well-known to control viral replication and gene expression in cis. However, plant viral and viroid noncoding (nc)RNA sequences can also regulate gene expression acting in trans, often acting like ‘sponges’ that bind and sequester host cellular machinery to favor viral infection. Noncoding sequences of small subgenomic (sg)RNAs of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) contain a cap-independent translation element that binds translation initiation factor eIF4G. We provide new evidence that a sgRNA of BYDV can globally attenuate host translation, probably by sponging eIF4G. Subgenomic ncRNA of RCNMV is generated via 5′ to 3′ degradation by a host exonuclease. The similar noncoding subgenomic flavivirus (sf)RNA, inhibits the innate immune response, enhancing viral pathogenesis. Cauliflower mosaic virus transcribes massive amounts of a 600-nt ncRNA, which is processed into small RNAs that overwhelm the host’s RNA interference (RNAi) system. Viroids use the host RNAi machinery to generate viroid-derived ncRNAs that inhibit expression of host defense genes by mimicking a microRNA. More examples of plant viral and viroid ncRNAs are likely to be discovered, revealing fascinating new weaponry in the host-virus arms race.

scholarly journals The Plant Gene CCD1 Selectively Blocks Cell Death During the Hypersensitive Response to Cauliflower Mosaic Virus Infection

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Cawly ◽  
Anthony B. Cole ◽  
Lóránt Király ◽  
Wenping Qiu ◽  
James E. Schoelz
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Gene ◽  
Cell Death Pathway ◽  
Resistance Pathway ◽  
Key Characteristics

The P6 protein of Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) W260 elicits a hypersensitive response (HR) on inoculated leaves of Nicotiana edwardsonii. This defense response, common to many plant pathogens, has two key characteristics, cell death within the initially infected tissues and restriction of the pathogen to this area. We present evidence that a plant gene designated CCD1, originally identified in N. bigelovii, can selectively block the cell death pathway during HR, whereas the resistance pathway against W260 remains intact. Suppression of cell death was evident not only macroscopically but also microscopically. The suppression of HR-mediated cell death was specific to CaMV, as Tobacco mosaic virus was able to elicit HR in the plants that contained CCD1. CCD1 also blocks the development of a systemic cell death symptom induced specifically by the P6 protein of W260 in N. clevelandii. Introgression of CCD1 from N. bigelovii into N. clevelandii blocked the development of systemic cell death in response to W260 infection but could not prevent systemic cell death induced by Tomato bushy stunt virus. Thus, CCD1 blocks both local and systemic cell death induced by P6 of W260 but does not act as a general suppressor of cell death induced by other plant viruses. Furthermore, experiments with CCD1 provide further evidence that cell death could be uncoupled from resistance in the HR of Nicotiana edwardsonii to CaMV W260.

scholarly journals Fate of Artificial MicroRNA-Mediated Resistance to Plant Viruses in Mixed Infections

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 870-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Martínez ◽  
Santiago F. Elena ◽  
José-Antonio Daròs
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Tobacco Rattle Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Lettuce Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mirna Genes ◽  
Complementary Sequences ◽  
High Level

Artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) are the expression products of engineered microRNA (miRNA) genes that efficiently and specifically downregulate RNAs that contain complementary sequences. Transgenic plants expressing high levels of one or more amiRNAs targeting particular sequences in the genomes of some RNA viruses have shown specific resistance to the corresponding virus. This is the case of the Arabidopsis thaliana transgenic line 12-4 expressing a high level of the amiR159-HC-Pro targeting 21 nucleotides in the Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) (family Potyviridae) cistron coding for the viral RNA-silencing suppressor HC-Pro that is highly resistant to TuMV infection. In this study, we explored the fate of this resistance when the A. thaliana 12-4 plants are challenged with a second virus in addition to TuMV. The A. thaliana 12-4 plants maintained the resistance to TuMV when this virus was co-inoculated with Tobacco mosaic virus, Tobacco rattle virus (TRV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Turnip yellow mosaic virus, Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), Lettuce mosaic virus, or Plum pox virus. However, when the plants were preinfected with these viruses, TuMV was able to co-infect 12-4 plants preinfected with TRV, CaMV, and, particularly, CMV. Therefore, preinfection by another virus jeopardizes the amiRNA-mediated resistance to TuMV.

scholarly journals Pharmacological analysis of transmission activation of two aphid-vectored plant viruses, turnip mosaic virus and cauliflower mosaic virus

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwige Berthelot ◽  
Jean-Luc Macia ◽  
Alexandre Martinière ◽  
Alexandre Morisset ◽  
Romain Gallet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Turnip Mosaic Virus ◽  
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽  
Pharmacological Analysis

scholarly journals Identification of Plant Virus Receptor Candidates in the Stylets of Their Aphid Vectors

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig G. Webster ◽  
Elodie Pichon ◽  
Manuella van Munster ◽  
Baptiste Monsion ◽  
Maëlle Deshoux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Myzus Persicae ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Virus Receptor ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cuticular Proteins

ABSTRACTPlant viruses transmitted by insects cause tremendous losses in most important crops around the world. The identification of receptors of plant viruses within their insect vectors is a key challenge to understanding the mechanisms of transmission and offers an avenue for future alternative control strategies to limit viral spread. We here report the identification of two cuticular proteins within aphid mouthparts, and we provide experimental support for the role of one of them in the transmission of a noncirculative virus. These two proteins, named Stylin-01 and Stylin-02, belong to the RR-1 cuticular protein subfamily and are highly conserved among aphid species. Using an immunolabeling approach, they were localized in the maxillary stylets of the pea aphidAcyrthosiphon pisumand the green peach aphidMyzus persicae, in the acrostyle, an organ earlier shown to harbor receptors of a noncirculative virus. A peptide motif present at the C termini of both Stylin-01 and Stylin-02 is readily accessible all over the surface of the acrostyle. Competition forin vitrobinding to the acrostyle was observed between an antibody targeting this peptide and the helper component protein P2 ofCauliflower mosaic virus. Furthermore, silencing thestylin-01but notstylin-02gene through RNA interference decreased the efficiency ofCauliflower mosaic virustransmission byMyzus persicae. These results identify the first cuticular proteins ever reported within arthropod mouthparts and distinguish Stylin-01 as the best candidate receptor for the aphid transmission of noncirculative plant viruses.IMPORTANCEMost noncirculative plant viruses transmitted by insect vectors bind to their mouthparts. They are acquired and inoculated within seconds when insects hop from plant to plant. The receptors involved remain totally elusive due to a long-standing technical bottleneck in working with insect cuticle. Here we characterize the role of the two first cuticular proteins ever identified in arthropod mouthparts. A domain of these proteins is directly accessible at the surface of the cuticle of the acrostyle, an organ at the tip of aphid stylets. The acrostyle has been shown to bind a plant virus, and we consistently demonstrated that one of the identified proteins is involved in viral transmission. Our findings provide an approach to identify proteins in insect mouthparts and point at an unprecedented gene candidate for a plant virus receptor.

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