Australian Trees for the Rehabilitation of Waterlogged and Salinity-damaged Landscapes

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 697 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Excess Water

The revegetation of damaged agricultural landscapes requires a detailed knowledge of appropriate species and their adaptations to cope with the stresses of environments altered by humans. A range of Australian species has a role in the restoration of water and salt balances of catchments and can provide income diversity to agricultural properties damaged by increased frequencies of flooding, rising groundwaters and increased salinities. This review concentrates on the ecologically significant attributes of Australian woody species in waterlogged and saline habitats, and responses of species particularly suited to the restoration of water balance in cleared catchments. Australian catchments yield little water under natural vegetation, the trees and shrubs being especially resourceful in utilising much of the annual rainfall input. Replacing native, deep-rooted perennial species with annual crops always results in a net gain in catchment water. To redress these problems, cleared landscapes must be partially restored to tree and shrub cover to utilise the excess water remaining when crops are harvested or lie dormant over summer. Upland regions of restored landscapes should be planted to tree crops, particularly those that are luxuriant water users, of commercial value to farmers. Tree plantations for paper pulp, soft-wood timber and eucalypt oils are possibilities. Lowland sites in damaged catchments must be revegetated with trees which have waterlogging adaptations, such as aerenchyma, and tolerance to the products of anaerobic respiration. Areas of waterlogging that are additionally affected by excess salts must have exceptional trees. Australia has a number of native species which are well suited to survive these conditions, produce biomass and utilise excess water, while restricting or coping with the uptake of over-abundant salts. Most tolerant Australian species have a range of anatomical, morphological and physiological attributes to contribute to these adaptive qualities. This review highlights some of these features and describes various combinations that are successful. Australia now has a range of genotypes to bring to bear in the battle to rehabilitate landscapes damaged by disruption of the soil–salt–water balance. Only by redressing these problems can we ensure that future generations will have land capable of retaining economic value and producing potable water.

A direct benefit of native saltbush revegetation for an endemic lizard (Tiliqua rugosa) in southern Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie L. Lancaster ◽  
Michael G. Gardner ◽  
Alison J. Fitch ◽  
Talat H. Ansari ◽  
Anita K. Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Intensive Agriculture ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Direct Benefit ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Statistical Confidence ◽  
Tiliqua Rugosa ◽  
Significant Life ◽  
Perennial Shrubs

Land alteration for intensive agriculture has been a major cause of species decline and extinction globally. In marginal grazing regions of southern Australia, native perennial shrubs are increasingly being planted to supplement pasture feeding of stock. Such revegetation has the benefits of reducing erosion and salinity, and importantly, the potential provision of habitat for native fauna. We explored the use of revegetated native saltbush by the sleepy lizard (Tiliqua rugosa) an endemic Australian species common in the region. We repeatedly sampled revegetated saltbush throughout 2010 and 2011 for adults (n = 55) and juveniles (n = 26). Using genotypes from eight microsatellite loci, parents were assigned to half of all juveniles with high statistical confidence. Parents were sampled in the same patch of revegetated saltbush as their offspring, thus supporting the observation that juvenile sleepy lizards remain within the home range of their parents before dispersal. Most importantly, our findings indicate that revegetated saltbush provides important habitat for T. rugosa at significant life stages – before and during breeding for adults, and before dispersal for juveniles. We conclude that revegetation using simple, monoculture plantations provides beneficial habitat for T. rugosa and may also be beneficial habitat for other native species in human-altered agricultural landscapes.

METHODS OF RENOVATION OF LOW-RISE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH LANDSCAPE RECULTIVATION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ROSTOV REGION)

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-58
Author(s):  
Oksana Sadkovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
Planning Methods

One of major factors of deterioration in a microclimate of urban development in the conditions of the Rostov region, is degradation of landscapes owing to violation of water balance of the territory. In article the main reasons for violation of water balance which included natural features of the region, a consequence of anthropogenic influence, climatic changes, etc. are considered. Examples from the world practice of urban planning, which show the relevance and effectiveness of compensation for the effects of anthropogenic im-pacts and climate change using planning methods, are given. The experience of the United States, the Nether-lands, Canada and other countries that use water-saving technologies in planning is considered. The rela-tionship of urban planning and the formation of sustainable urban landscapes is shown. The integration of water-saving technologies into the urban environment can be a means of optimizing landscapes and a means of creating unique urban spaces. Reclamation of the urban landscape of low-rise buildings is a necessary step in creating a modern and comfortable urban environment in the conditions of the Rostov region. Meth-ods are proposed to compensate for negative changes in urban landscapes that can be applied at the stage of urban planning. As well as the proposed methods can be applied in the reconstruction of urban low-rise buildings. The considered methods concern not only urban landscapes, but also agricultural landscapes that surround small and medium-sized cities of the Rostov region. In article the author's concept of the organiza-tion of the low housing estate on a basis Urban- facies is submitted. Planning methods of regulation of water balance of the territory on the basis of models the ecological protective of landscapes are offered: an ecolog-ical core, an ecological corridor and an ecological barrier and also analogs from town-planning practice are considered. The reclamation of urban landscapes based on urban planning methods for regulating the water balance of the territory will allow creating unique urban spaces that are resistant to local climatic conditions and the possible consequences of climate change.

scholarly journals Wood Volume Production and Use of 10 Woody Species in Semiarid Zones of Northeastern Mexico

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahim Foroughbakhch ◽  
Artemio Carrillo Parra ◽  
Jorge Luis Hernández Piñero ◽  
Marco Antonio Alvarado Vázquez ◽  
Alejandra Rocha Estrada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Volume Production ◽  
Northeastern Mexico

A research strategy was established to analyze the structure of timber trees in terms of forest productivity (volume and wood density) of 10 species. The native speciesAcacia farnesiana, Acacia schaffneri,Bumelia celastrina,Cercidium macrun,Condalia hookeri,Ebenopsis ebano,Helietta parvifolia, andProsopis laevigataand the exotic speciesEucalyptus camaldulensisandLeucaena leucocephalawere chosen due to their ecological and economic importance to the rural villages of northeastern Mexico. Measurements of different growth parameters and volume of trees were evaluated. The introduced speciesE. camaldulensisandL. leucocephalashowed the best performance in wood volume production per tree and per hectare when compared to the native species. Likewise, among the native species,E. ebano,P. laevigata,C. hookeri, andA. farnesianatended to show better characteristics in terms of wood volume production in comparison toH. parvifolia,A. schaffneri,C. macrum, andB. celastrina. Results showed a high diversity on the properties studied. The high biomass produced by most of the species considered in this study revealed their great energetic potential when used as wood and firewood or vegetal charcoal.

Nodulation and performance of exotic and native legumes in Australian soils

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 543 ◽  
Author(s):  
María A. Pérez-Fernández ◽  
Byron B. Lamont
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Retama Sphaerocarpa ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Cytisus Balansae ◽  
New Habitats

Six Spanish legumes, Cytisus balansae, C. multiflorus, C. scoparius, C. striatus, Genista hystrix and Retama sphaerocarpa, were able to form effective nodules when grown in six south-western Australian soils. Soils and nodules were collected from beneath natural stands of six native Australian legumes, Jacksonia floribunda, Gompholobium tomentosum, Bossiaea aquifolium, Daviesia horrida, Gastrolobium spinosum and Templetonia retusa. Four combinations of soils and bacterial treatments were used as the soil treatments: sterile soil (S), sterile inoculated soils (SI), non-treated soil (N) and non-treated inoculated soils (NI). Seedlings of the Australian species were inoculated with rhizobia cultured from nodules of the same species, while seedlings of the Spanish species were inoculated with cultures from each of the Australian species. All Australian rhizobia infected all the Spanish species, suggesting a high degree of 'promiscuity' among the bacteria and plant species. The results from comparing six Spanish and six Australian species according to their biomass and total nitrogen in the presence (NI) or absence (S) of rhizobia showed that all species benefitted from nodulation (1.02–12.94 times), with R.�sphaerocarpa and C. striatus benefiting more than the native species. Inoculation (SI and NI) was just as effective as, or more effective than the non-treated soil (i.e. non-sterile) in inducing nodules. Nodules formed on the Spanish legumes were just as efficient at fixing N2 as were those formed on the Australian legumes. Inoculation was less effective than non-treated soil at increasing biomass but just as effective as the soil at increasing nitrogen content. Promiscuity in the legume–bacteria symbiosis should increase the ability of legumes to spread into new habitats throughout the world.

THE TRANSFORMATION OF SOIL-RECLAMATION PROCESSES WHEN CHANGING THE WATER BALANCE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPES OF THE LOWER POVOLGHYE (VOLGA REGION)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S Falkovich ◽  
◽  
N.A. Pronko
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Soil Reclamation ◽  
Secondary Salinization ◽  
Lower Volga Region ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Moisture Conductivity ◽  
Filtration Capacity ◽  
Zonal Soils

The article presents the results of a study of the peculiarities of transformation of soilreclamation processes in agricultural landscapes of the Lower Volga region under the influence of changes in the water balance during irrigation and subsequent cessation of irrigation. The increase of the income part of water balance due to irrigation in an adverse combination of poor drainability, weak filtration capacity waterbearing rocks and mineralization of ground waters leads to the development of adverse processes in soils, like a rise of groundwater and salinization. It is proved that the changes in the water supply from automorphic type to hydromorphic type and the changes in the composition of the soil-absorbing ratio significantly transform the main hydrophysical characteristic and moisture conductivity functions of zonal soils, which are required for forecasting water and salt regimes of soils. It is proved that the nature of changes in the salt regime of long-irrigated soils degraded as a result of secondary salinization after being removed from agricultural use is determined by the drainage of territories. It is established that self-reclamation of soils of saline fallow areas occurs if drainage ensures the exclusion of groundwater participation in the water regime of the root layer, which is important to take into account for the involvement of abandoned areas in agriculture.

scholarly journals Modelling monthly runoff generation processes following land use changes: groundwater–surface runoff interactions

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bari ◽  
K. R. J. Smettem
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Mean Annual Rainfall ◽  
Monthly Runoff ◽  
Stream Bed

Abstract. A conceptual water balance model is presented to represent changes in monthly water balance following land use changes. Monthly rainfall–runoff, groundwater and soil moisture data from four experimental catchments in Western Australia have been analysed. Two of these catchments, "Ernies" (control, fully forested) and "Lemon" (54% cleared) are in a zone of mean annual rainfall of 725 mm, while "Salmon" (control, fully forested) and "Wights" (100% cleared) are in a zone with mean annual rainfall of 1125 mm. At the Salmon forested control catchment, streamflow comprises surface runoff, base flow and interflow components. In the Wights catchment, cleared of native forest for pasture development, all three components increased, groundwater levels rose significantly and stream zone saturated area increased from 1% to 15% of the catchment area. It took seven years after clearing for the rainfall–runoff generation process to stabilise in 1984. At the Ernies forested control catchment, the permanent groundwater system is 20 m below the stream bed and so does not contribute to streamflow. Following partial clearing of forest in the Lemon catchment, groundwater rose steadily and reached the stream bed by 1987. The streamflow increased in two phases: (i) immediately after clearing due to reduced evapotranspiration, and (ii) through an increase in the groundwater-induced stream zone saturated area after 1987. After analysing all the data available, a conceptual monthly model was created, comprising four inter-connecting stores: (i) an upper zone unsaturated store, (ii) a transient stream zone store, (ii) a lower zone unsaturated store and (iv) a saturated groundwater store. Data such as rooting depth, Leaf Area Index, soil porosity, profile thickness, depth to groundwater, stream length and surface slope were incorporated into the model as a priori defined attributes. The catchment average values for different stores were determined through matching observed and predicted monthly hydrographs. The observed and predicted monthly runoff for all catchments matched well with coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.68 to 0.87. Predictions were relatively poor for: (i) the Ernies catchment (lowest rainfall, forested), and (ii) months with very high flows. Overall, the predicted mean annual streamflow was within ±8% of the observed values. Keywords: monthly streamflow, land use change, conceptual model, data-based approach, groundwater

The Genera of Oysters and the Australian Species

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 132 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Australian Species

Both conchological and malacological characters have been applied to the differentiation of the genera and species. Characters not previously used include the arrangement of tentacles on the mantle folds and the pigmentation on gills, palps, and mantle folds. Three genera are recognized, Ostrea Linnaeus, Crassostrea Sacco, and Pycnodonte Fischer de Waldheim. Ten native species of Australian oyster and one imported species are described in detail. Two keys to the species are provided, one based on shell characters and one based on the details of the soft anatomy.

Water balance in developing leaves of four tropical savanna woody species

Oecologia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Meinzer ◽  
Virginia Seymour ◽  
Guillermo Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Tropical Savanna
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