Comparative Foliar Anatomy of South American Proteaceae

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fresia Torres
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
South American ◽  
Natural Group ◽  
Foliar Anatomy ◽  
Gevuina Avellana ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phylogenetic Origin ◽  
Individual Features

The family Proteaceae Knight is represented in South America by over 100 species that belong to eight genera, all Grevilleoideae. Nine species that represent all of the tribes established by Johnson and Briggs (1975) that occur in South America were studied: Embothrium coccineum, Lomatia dentata, L. ferruginea, L. hirsuta, Gevuina avellana, Roupala mollis, R. montana, Panopsis polystachia and Orites myrtoidea. We found anatomical and structural similarities between these species and the taxonomic scheme proposed by Johnson and Briggs (1975). In the Embothrieae, each species of Lomatiinae exhibits individual structural features, although in every case, there is at least one or more feature shared with the Embothriinae; suggesting a common phylogenetic origin, whereas E. coccineum preserves a larger number of ancestral features. Of the three subtribes of Macadamineae, the Roupalinae are a natural group with individual features, the Gevuininae share a few characters with the Lomatiinae and the Macadamiinae with the Oriteae. This last one is the most peculiar, although it shares a few characters with Embothrieae and Macadamieae.

A molecular phylogeny of the circum-Antarctic Opiliones family Neopilionidae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Giribet ◽  
Kate Sheridan ◽  
Caitlin M. Baker ◽  
Christina J. Painting ◽  
Gregory I. Holwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
18S Rrna ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
South American ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
The Family

The Opiliones family Neopilionidae is restricted to the terranes of the former temperate Gondwana: South America, Africa, Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand. Despite decades of morphological study of this unique fauna, it has been difficult reconciling the classic species of the group (some described over a century ago) with recent cladistic morphological work and previous molecular work. Here we attempted to investigate the pattern and timing of diversification of Neopilionidae by sampling across the distribution range of the family and sequencing three markers commonly used in Sanger-based approaches (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and cytochrome-c oxidase subunit I). We recovered a well-supported and stable clade including Ballarra (an Australian ballarrine) and the Enantiobuninae from South America, Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand, but excluding Vibone (a ballarrine from South Africa). We further found a division between West and East Gondwana, with the South American Thrasychirus/Thrasychiroides always being sister group to an Australian–Zealandian (i.e. Australia + New Zealand + New Caledonia) clade. Resolution of the Australian–Zealandian taxa was analysis-dependent, but some analyses found Martensopsalis, from New Caledonia, as the sister group to an Australian–New Zealand clade. Likewise, the species from New Zealand formed a clade in some analyses, but Mangatangi often came out as a separate lineage from the remaining species. However, the Australian taxa never constituted a monophyletic group, with Ballarra always segregating from the remaining Australian species, which in turn constituted 1–3 clades, depending on the analysis. Our results identify several generic inconsistencies, including the possibility of Thrasychiroides nested within Thrasychirus, Forsteropsalis being paraphyletic with respect to Pantopsalis, and multiple lineages of Megalopsalis in Australia. In addition, the New Zealand Megalopsalis need generic reassignment: Megalopsalis triascuta will require its own genus and M. turneri is here transferred to Forsteropsalis, as Forsteropsalis turneri (Marples, 1944), comb. nov.

The American Proteaceae

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghillean T. Prance ◽  
Vanessa Plana
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Central American ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
South American ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
The Family ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

The American Proteaceae are outliers from the main centres of diversity of the family in Australia and South Africa. There are about 83 species in eight genera which all belong to the monophyletic subfamily Grevilleoideae. Three genera, Embothrium, Oreocallis and Lomatia, are placed in the tribe Embothrieae (sensu Johnson and Briggs), four Euplassa, Gevuina, Panopsis and Roupala in the Macadamieae and the single genus Orites in the Oriteae. There are five genera endemic to America and three also have species in Australia and New Guinea (Gevuina, Lomatia and Orites). The Proteaceae appear to have arrived in South America via two routes. The larger genera Euplassa, Panopsis and Roupala, which are all endemic to America and have a general distribution in northern South America and south-eastern Brazil, are derived from Gondwanaland before it separated from South America. The remaining genera are distributed either in temperate South America or in the high Andes and appear to have arrived more recently via the Australia–Antarctica–South American connection. Three of these genera have species in both regions. The centres of species diversity of Euplassa, Panopsis and Roupala fall outside hypothesised forest refugia, indicating that they are not true rainforest species but species of seasonal habitats like those achieved at higher altitudes where they are commonly found. Two genera,Panopsis and Roupala, have reached Central America after the central American land bridge was formed six million years ago. The exact relationship to genera on other continents is still unclear and there is a need for a cladistic biogeographic analysis of the group based on both morphological and molecular data.

scholarly journals Nasal mites (Mesostigmata, Rhinonyssidae) in Sternidae (Aves: Charadriiformes) on the southern Coast of Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Silva da Silva ◽  
Simone Scheer ◽  
Gertrud Muller
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
First Record ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
South American ◽  
Sterna Hirundo ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World

Abstract Six species of birds of the family Sternidae are often found on the southern coast of South America. Sterna trudeaui, S. hirundinacea, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris are South American residents and Sterna hirundo, a Nearctic migrant. At least 500 species of nasal mites have been described around the world, and Rhinonyssidae is the most diverse family. These mites are bloodsucking endoparasites that inhabit the respiratory system of birds. This study aimed to report on occurrences of nasal mites in Sternidae on the southern coast of Brazil. Of the 106 birds analyzed, 8.5% (9 birds) were parasitized by nasal mites. This report provides the first record in the Neotropical region for two mite species, Sternostoma boydi and Larinyssus orbicularis parasitizing Thalasseus acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris. No nasal mites were found in Sterna trudeaui or Thalasseus maximus. One host individual (T. acuflavidus) was parasitized by two species of nasal mites, S. boydi and L. orbicularis.

Mammalian faunal dynamics of the great American interchange

Paleobiology ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. David Webb
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Important Change ◽  
South American ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Land Mammal

The American interchange of land mammals reached its acme during the late Blancan and early Irvingtonian in North America and during the Chapadmalalan and Uquian in South America. It lasted about two million years and included taxa adapted to diverse habitats. It was preceded in the early Hemphillian in North America and the Huayquerian in South America by the interchange of a few heralding genera. The MacArthur-Wilson faunal equilibrium hypothesis correctly predicts a marked increase in originations, number of genera, and turnover rate for the South American fauna during the peak of the interchange. Subsequent further increases were not so predicted but closely resemble patterns also observed in late Pleistocene land mammals of Europe and North America. The continued increase in South American land mammal genera after the interchange had largely ceased resulted principally from autochthonous evolution of northern immigrant stocks. A marked decrease in South American ungulate genera (from thirteen to three) coincided with the appearance of fourteen northern ungulate genera and therefore appears to be a replacement phenomenon. The area/diversity relationship predicts no important change in generic diversity if a maximum of only nine percent of North America is occupied by the interamerican mingled fauna. At the family level, however, diversity is seriously overestimated due to the nomenclatural artifact of increased relative diversity by filtering.

A contribution to the taxonomy of the aquatic Oligochaeta (Naididae) of South America

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 2233-2242 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Harman ◽  
R. O. Brinkhurst ◽  
M. Marchese
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Aquatic Oligochaeta ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
The Family

The number of South American species of the family Naididae has yet to be determined. Some 27 species are discussed here, and a list of South American species in 15 genera is presented. Nais simplex, Dero (Aulophorus) vagus, and Pristinella acuminata are new to the list. Nais raviensis is regarded as a member of the genus Dero in accordance with recent literature. The subfamily Stylarinae, thought to be the oldest in the family, is scarce or absent in the region, in contrast to austral or southern distributions for supposedly more primitive families or primitive genera in other families.

Monophyly of marsupial intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasites from South America and Australia

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANTIAGO MERINO ◽  
JAVIER MARTÍNEZ ◽  
RODRIGO A. VÁSQUEZ ◽  
JAN ŠLAPETA
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Ssu Rdna ◽  
Lsu Rdna ◽  
South American ◽  
Apicomplexan Parasites ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
The Family ◽  
Petaurus Australis

SUMMARYIntraerythrocytic parasites (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) of the South American mouse opossum (Thylamys elegans) from Chile, South America, and of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) from Australia were found to be monophyletic using SSU rDNA and partial LSU rDNA sequences. Phylogenetic reconstruction placed both species within the family Sarcocystidae. These intraerythrocytic parasites of marsupials represent an as yet unnamed genus predicted to have bisporocystic oocysts and tetrazoic sporocysts, which is a characteristic feature of all members of the family Sarcocystidae. These results show that erythrocytic parasites share a common ancestor and suggest co-evolution with their vertebrate host.

scholarly journals First record of Mermithid nematodes parasitizing leafhoppers in South America

Caldasia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-149
Author(s):  
José Matías Rusconi ◽  
Barbara Soledad Defea ◽  
Martín Miguel Montes ◽  
María Fernanda Achinelly
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
First Record ◽  
South American ◽  
The Family ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Biodiversity Study

Nematodes of the family Mermithidae were found parasitizing adults and nymphs of the species Hortensia similis (Auchenorryncha: Cicadellidae). The host specimens were collected from weeds associated to citrus orchards located in Corrientes, Argentinean province, during a biodiversity study in 2015. As far as we know, this is the first South American example of leafhoppers parasitized by mermithids.

scholarly journals A Novel Hepacivirus in Wild Rodents from South America

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 297 ◽  
Author(s):  
William de Souza ◽  
Marcílio Fumagalli ◽  
Gilberto Sabino-Santos ◽  
Felipe Motta Maia ◽  
Sejal Modha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
South American ◽  
American Continent ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
The Family ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
South American Continent

The Hepacivirus genus comprises single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses within the family Flaviviridae. Several hepaciviruses have been identified in different mammals, including multiple rodent species in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. To date, no rodent hepacivirus has been identified in the South American continent. Here, we describe an unknown hepacivirus discovered during a metagenomic screen in Akodon montensis, Calomys tener, Oligoryzomys nigripes, Necromys lasiurus, and Mus musculus from São Paulo State, Brazil. Molecular detection of this novel hepacivirus by RT-PCR showed a frequency of 11.11% (2/18) in Oligoryzomys nigripes. This is the first identification of hepavivirus in sigmondonine rodents and in rodents from South America. In sum, our results expand the host range, viral diversity, and geographical distribution of the Hepacivirus genus.

Phylogenetic systematics of Tertiary monophorasterid sand dollars (Clypeasteroida: Echinoidea) from South America

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rich Mooi ◽  
Sergio Martínez ◽  
Sara G. Parma
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Phylogenetic Systematics ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Parsimonious Tree ◽  
The Family ◽  
Sand Dollars ◽  
A New Species

Sand dollars in the Monophorasteridae Lahille, 1896, form an important part of the South American Cenozoic echinoid fauna. Re-examination of type and other material adds significantly to our knowledge of the morphology and taxonomy of the family, and shows that besides Monophoraster darwini (Desor, 1847), M. duboisi (Cotteau, 1884), Amplaster coloniensis Martínez, 1984, and A. alatus Rossi de Garcia and Levy, 1989, there is a new species, A. ellipticus. We also show that Karlaster Marchesini Santos, 1958, is not a monophorasterid as once thought. A phylogenetic analysis of 24 characters assessed from all species of Monophoraster Lambert and Thiéry, 1921, and Amplaster Martínez, 1984, along with genera of the Mellitidae Stefanini, 1912, produced a single most parsimonious tree. The analysis demonstrates monophyly of mellitids and monophorasterids, and that Iheringiella Berg, 1898, should be excluded from the latter. Although both Monophoraster Lambert and Thiéry, 1921, and Amplaster Martínez, 1984, retain many features of an ancestor in common with the Mellitidae Stefanini, 1912, they also exhibit bizarre morphologies quite different from those of mellitids. The study has also resulted in a clearer picture of the biogeography and biostratigraphy of the Monophorasteridae, and their great significance in the evolution of lunulate sand dollars in the Americas.

scholarly journals Description of a second South American species in the Malagasy earwig genus Mesodiplatys from a cave habitat, with notes on the definition of Haplodiplatyidae (Insecta, Dermaptera)

ZooKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 790 ◽  
pp. 87-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Kamimura ◽  
Rodrigo L. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cave Habitat ◽  
A New Species

The genusMesodiplatys(Dermaptera: Diplatyidae) comprises eight species from Madagascar and one species from Peru. Based on a sample collected from a cave in Brazil, a new species of this genus,MesodiplatysfalciferKamimura,sp. n., is described as the second species from South America. Based on a reexamination of the holotype ofMesodiplatysinsularis, a revised key toMesodiplatysspecies is provided. The definitions of the generaMesodiplatysandHaplodiplatysand the family Haplodiplatyidae are also reconsidered.

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