Monophyly of marsupial intraerythrocytic apicomplexan parasites from South America and Australia

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANTIAGO MERINO ◽  
JAVIER MARTÍNEZ ◽  
RODRIGO A. VÁSQUEZ ◽  
JAN ŠLAPETA
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Ssu Rdna ◽  
Lsu Rdna ◽  
South American ◽  
Apicomplexan Parasites ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
The Family ◽  
Petaurus Australis

SUMMARYIntraerythrocytic parasites (Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae) of the South American mouse opossum (Thylamys elegans) from Chile, South America, and of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) from Australia were found to be monophyletic using SSU rDNA and partial LSU rDNA sequences. Phylogenetic reconstruction placed both species within the family Sarcocystidae. These intraerythrocytic parasites of marsupials represent an as yet unnamed genus predicted to have bisporocystic oocysts and tetrazoic sporocysts, which is a characteristic feature of all members of the family Sarcocystidae. These results show that erythrocytic parasites share a common ancestor and suggest co-evolution with their vertebrate host.

Phylogeny of dracunculoid nematodes (Chromadorea: Rhabditida: Spirurina: Dracunculoidea) from some Eurasian freshwater fishes

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4858 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-541
Author(s):  
SERGEY G. SOKOLOV ◽  
ALEXANDER P. KALMYKOV ◽  
SVETLANA V. MALYSHEVA
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationship ◽  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Ssu Rdna ◽  
Lsu Rdna ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
The Family

Sets of small ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) and large ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) sequences were obtained for Philometroides moraveci Vismanis & Yunchis, 1994, Philometra kotlani (Molnár, 1969), Philometra rischta Skrjabin, 1923, Philometra cf. obturans (Prenant, 1886) (Philometridae), Sinoichthyonema amuri (Garkavi, 1972), Agrachanus scardinii (Molnár, 1966), Kalmanmolnaria intestinalis (Dogiel & Bychowsky, 1934) and Skrjabillanus tincae Shigin & Shigina, 1958 (Skrjabillanidae). Phylogenetic analysis of SSU rDNA data shows that dracunculoid nematodes are divided into two well-supported clades designated as Clade I and Clade II, respectively. Clade I includes the type species of the genus Philonema Kuitunen-Ekbaum, 1933, some species from the family Daniconematidae Moravec & Køie, 1987 and two subfamilies of skrjabillanids, Skrjabillaninae Shigin & Shigina, 1958 and Esocineminae Moravec, 2006. Clade II unites species from the families Dracunculidae Stiles, 1907, Micropleuridae Baylis & Daubney, 1926 and Philometridae Baylis & Daubney, 1926. Within the Philometridae, there are several well-supported groups of species, one of which unites freshwater Philometra spp. from the Palearctic cyprinids, identified as P. kotlani, P rischta, P. ovata (Zeder, 1803) and P. cyprinirutili (Creplin, 1825). However, the phylogenetic relationships of most philometrids are unresolved. An analysis of partial SSU and LSU rDNA sequences indicates that there is no direct phylogenetic relationship between Agrachanus Tikhomirova, 1971 (type species Skrjabillanus scardinii Molnár, 1966) and Skrjabillanus Shigin & Shigina, 1958 (type species Sk. tincae), which means that the genus Agrachanus can be resurrected. Our study confirms that Philonematinae Ivashkin, Sobolev & Khromova, 1971 should be elevated to the family rank. We formally establish the family Philonematidae Ivashkin, Sobolev & Khromova, 1971 stat. nov. We also suggest combining the superfamilies Dracunculoidea Stiles, 1907 and Camallanoidea Railliet & Henry, 1915 into the infraorder Camallanomorpha Roberts, Janovy & Nadler, 2013. 

Panagrellus levitatus sp. n. (Rhabditida: Panagrolaimidae), a nematode suppressing Drosophila melanogaster in laboratory cultures

Nematology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Ivanova ◽  
Ksenia Perfilieva ◽  
Sergei Spiridonov
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
New Species ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Ssu Rdna ◽  
Lsu Rdna ◽  
Red Palm Weevil ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Mass Reproduction ◽  
First Time

A new nematode species recovered from the laboratory culture ofDrosophila melanogasteris described and illustrated. The mass reproduction ofPanagrellus levitatussp. n. in the fly culture occurred several times and resulted in a significant reduction of the fly population. Nematode outbreaks happened after the introduction ofD. melanogasterto the culture from natural sources. The new species is morphologically similar toP. ulmi. Partial LSU rDNA and SSU rDNA sequences were obtained and subjected to phylogenetic analysis that demonstrated the affinity of the new species withPanagrellussp. ‘MC2014’ from a red palm weevil. For the first time, the dauer juveniles ofPanagrelluswere described.

A molecular phylogeny of the circum-Antarctic Opiliones family Neopilionidae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Giribet ◽  
Kate Sheridan ◽  
Caitlin M. Baker ◽  
Christina J. Painting ◽  
Gregory I. Holwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
18S Rrna ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
South American ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
The Family

The Opiliones family Neopilionidae is restricted to the terranes of the former temperate Gondwana: South America, Africa, Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand. Despite decades of morphological study of this unique fauna, it has been difficult reconciling the classic species of the group (some described over a century ago) with recent cladistic morphological work and previous molecular work. Here we attempted to investigate the pattern and timing of diversification of Neopilionidae by sampling across the distribution range of the family and sequencing three markers commonly used in Sanger-based approaches (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA and cytochrome-c oxidase subunit I). We recovered a well-supported and stable clade including Ballarra (an Australian ballarrine) and the Enantiobuninae from South America, Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand, but excluding Vibone (a ballarrine from South Africa). We further found a division between West and East Gondwana, with the South American Thrasychirus/Thrasychiroides always being sister group to an Australian–Zealandian (i.e. Australia + New Zealand + New Caledonia) clade. Resolution of the Australian–Zealandian taxa was analysis-dependent, but some analyses found Martensopsalis, from New Caledonia, as the sister group to an Australian–New Zealand clade. Likewise, the species from New Zealand formed a clade in some analyses, but Mangatangi often came out as a separate lineage from the remaining species. However, the Australian taxa never constituted a monophyletic group, with Ballarra always segregating from the remaining Australian species, which in turn constituted 1–3 clades, depending on the analysis. Our results identify several generic inconsistencies, including the possibility of Thrasychiroides nested within Thrasychirus, Forsteropsalis being paraphyletic with respect to Pantopsalis, and multiple lineages of Megalopsalis in Australia. In addition, the New Zealand Megalopsalis need generic reassignment: Megalopsalis triascuta will require its own genus and M. turneri is here transferred to Forsteropsalis, as Forsteropsalis turneri (Marples, 1944), comb. nov.

The American Proteaceae

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghillean T. Prance ◽  
Vanessa Plana
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Central American ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
South American ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
The Family ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

The American Proteaceae are outliers from the main centres of diversity of the family in Australia and South Africa. There are about 83 species in eight genera which all belong to the monophyletic subfamily Grevilleoideae. Three genera, Embothrium, Oreocallis and Lomatia, are placed in the tribe Embothrieae (sensu Johnson and Briggs), four Euplassa, Gevuina, Panopsis and Roupala in the Macadamieae and the single genus Orites in the Oriteae. There are five genera endemic to America and three also have species in Australia and New Guinea (Gevuina, Lomatia and Orites). The Proteaceae appear to have arrived in South America via two routes. The larger genera Euplassa, Panopsis and Roupala, which are all endemic to America and have a general distribution in northern South America and south-eastern Brazil, are derived from Gondwanaland before it separated from South America. The remaining genera are distributed either in temperate South America or in the high Andes and appear to have arrived more recently via the Australia–Antarctica–South American connection. Three of these genera have species in both regions. The centres of species diversity of Euplassa, Panopsis and Roupala fall outside hypothesised forest refugia, indicating that they are not true rainforest species but species of seasonal habitats like those achieved at higher altitudes where they are commonly found. Two genera,Panopsis and Roupala, have reached Central America after the central American land bridge was formed six million years ago. The exact relationship to genera on other continents is still unclear and there is a need for a cladistic biogeographic analysis of the group based on both morphological and molecular data.

Characterisation of an Iberian population of Rhyssocolpus iuventutis Andrássy, 1971 (Dorylaimida: Nordiidae), with a revised taxonomy of the genus

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reyes Peña-Santiago ◽  
Pablo Guerrero ◽  
Gracia Liébanas ◽  
María del Carmen García ◽  
Teresa Palomeque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Ssu Rdna ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Iberian Population ◽  
Emended Diagnosis

The identity and evolutionary relationships of the genus Rhyssocolpus are analysed and discussed using an integrative approach including morphological data and partial SSU-rDNA sequences. An Iberian population of R. iuventutis is characterised in detail, providing the first SEM observations of the genus. New sequences of the genera Enchodelus and Rhyssocolpus are provided for comparative purposes. Both morphological and molecular evidence support a separate status for the aforementioned two genera and Heterodorus, of which the latter and Rhyssocolpus shared a recent common ancestor, whereas Enchodelus did not, as had been traditionally assumed, occupy a close position. The Nordiidae is confirmed to be an artificial taxon. The taxonomy of Rhyssocolpus is revised and an emended diagnosis, updated list of species, key to their identification and compendium of their morphometrics are provided. Some nomenclatorial changes are also proposed: R. alleni and R. paradoxus are retained under Eudorylaimus, their original genus, whereas R. brasiliensis is transferred to Eudorylaimus as E. brasiliensis (Meyl, 1956) comb. n.

Morphological and molecular data support the monophyletic nature of the genus Pratylenchoides Winslow, 1958 (Nematoda: Merliniidae) and reveal its intrageneric structuring

Nematology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 1165-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kourosh Azizi ◽  
Ali Eskandari ◽  
Akbar Karegar ◽  
Reza Ghaderi ◽  
Sven van den Elsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Data ◽  
Lsu Rdna ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
The Family ◽  
Lateral Lines ◽  
Male Head ◽  
Single Transition ◽  
Pharyngeal Gland ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
The Relationship

The genus Pratylenchoides has recently been transferred from the family Pratylenchidae to Merliniidae. To investigate further the relationship between these ‘Pratylenchus-like’ species (residing in the subfamily Pratylenchoidinae) and the subfamily Merliniinae, more than 500 soil samples were collected from various natural and agronomic habitats in the northern and north-western provinces of Iran. In this study, paratypes or populations of 22 species of Pratylenchoides, including the Iranian populations of P. alkani, P. crenicauda, P. erzurumensis, P. laticauda, P. nevadensis, P. ritteri and an undescribed species, were studied. Intra- and interspecies variation of the following characters were investigated: position of the pharyngeal gland nuclei, shape of female and male head, striation of female tail terminus, number of lateral lines at mid-body and in phasmid region for females, presence of intestinal fasciculi, and shape of sperm. Combining morphological and molecular data prompted us to propose two clusters of related Pratylenchoides species. One cluster includes P. crenicauda, P. variabilis and P. erzurumensis, whereas the second cluster consists of P. alkani, P. nevadensis and P. ritteri. Our data point to a sister positioning of P. magnicauda vis-à-vis all Pratylenchoides species included in this research. Analyses of SSU rDNA (for family and subfamily relationships) and partial LSU rDNA sequences (for intrageneric relationships) data revealed: i) the distal and nested positioning of all Pratylenchoidinae within the Merliniidae; ii) the single transition from ectoparasitism to migratory endoparasitism within the family Merliniidae corresponds with the current subfamily partitioning; and iii) support for the monophyletic nature of the genus Pratylenchoides.

scholarly journals Taxonomy and SSU rDNA-Based Phylogeny of Two Heterotrich Ciliates (Ciliophora, Heterotrichea) Collected From Subtropical Wetlands of China, Including the Description of a New Species, Linostomella pseudovorticella n. sp.

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didi Jin ◽  
Xuetong Zhao ◽  
Tingting Ye ◽  
Jie Huang ◽  
Alan Warren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Food Web ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Ssu Rdna ◽  
Microbial Food Web ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
The Family ◽  
A New Species

The Heterotrichea Stein, 1859 are a group of ciliated protists (single-celled eukaryotes) that occur in a wide variety of aquatic habitat where they play important roles in the flow of nutrients and energy within the microbial food web. Many species are model organisms for research in cytology and regenerative biology. In the present study, the morphology and phylogeny of two heterotrich ciliates, namely, Linostomella pseudovorticella n. sp. and Peritromus kahli Villeneuve-Brachon, 1940, collected from subtropical wetlands of China, were investigated using morphological and molecular methods. L. pseudovorticella n. sp. differs from its only known congener, Linostomella vorticella Ehrenberg, 1833 Aescht in Foissner et al., 1999, by having more ciliary rows (48–67, mean about 56 vs. 26–51, mean about 42) and its small-subunit (SSU) rDNA sequence, which shows a 15-bp divergence. Although P. kahli has been reported several times in recent decades, its infraciliature has yet to be described. A redescription and improved diagnosis of this species based on a combination of previous and present data are here supplied. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequences revealed that the genus Linostomella is positioned within Condylostomatidae, and Peritromidae is sister to Climacostomidae with relatively low support, and the family Spirostomidae is the root branch of the class Heterotrichea.

scholarly journals Survey on diversity of marine/saline anaerobic Heterolobosea (Excavata: Discoba) with description of seven new species

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (Pt_7) ◽  
pp. 2280-2304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Pánek ◽  
Eliška Ptáčková ◽  
Ivan Čepička
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Ssu Rdna ◽  
Marine Environments ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time

Diversity of the anaerobic Heterolobosea (Excavata: Discoba) is only poorly understood, especially in marine environments. We have isolated and cultured 16 strains of anaerobic heteroloboseid amoebae and flagellates from brackish, marine and saline anoxic habitats worldwide. Phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences and light-microscopic observations showed that all the strains belong to the family Psalteriomonadidae, the main anaerobic lineage of Heterolobosea, and that they represent eight species from the genera Monopylocystis, Harpagon and Pseudoharpagon. Seven species are newly isolated and described here as Monopylocystis minor n. sp., Monopylocystis robusta n. sp., Monopylocystis elegans n. sp., Monopylocystis disparata n. sp., Harpagon salinus n. sp., Pseudoharpagon longus n. sp. and Pseudoharpagon tertius n. sp. Amoebae, cysts and the ultrastructure of the genus Pseudoharpagon are presented for the first time.

scholarly journals Nasal mites (Mesostigmata, Rhinonyssidae) in Sternidae (Aves: Charadriiformes) on the southern Coast of Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Silva da Silva ◽  
Simone Scheer ◽  
Gertrud Muller
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
First Record ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
South American ◽  
Sterna Hirundo ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World

Abstract Six species of birds of the family Sternidae are often found on the southern coast of South America. Sterna trudeaui, S. hirundinacea, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris are South American residents and Sterna hirundo, a Nearctic migrant. At least 500 species of nasal mites have been described around the world, and Rhinonyssidae is the most diverse family. These mites are bloodsucking endoparasites that inhabit the respiratory system of birds. This study aimed to report on occurrences of nasal mites in Sternidae on the southern coast of Brazil. Of the 106 birds analyzed, 8.5% (9 birds) were parasitized by nasal mites. This report provides the first record in the Neotropical region for two mite species, Sternostoma boydi and Larinyssus orbicularis parasitizing Thalasseus acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris. No nasal mites were found in Sterna trudeaui or Thalasseus maximus. One host individual (T. acuflavidus) was parasitized by two species of nasal mites, S. boydi and L. orbicularis.

Ancient divergence and biogeography of Raukaua (Araliaceae) and close relatives in the southern hemisphere

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Mitchell ◽  
Rong Li ◽  
Joseph W. Brown ◽  
Ines Schönberger ◽  
Jun Wen
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Representative Species ◽  
The Common ◽  
Close Relatives

Molecular genetic analyses were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and estimate divergence times for Raukaua species and their close relatives. A monophyletic group identified as the ‘greater Raukaua clade’ was circumscribed, with eight representative species; its basal divergence was estimated at c. 70 Mya, possibly after Zealandia had separated from Gondwana. Raukaua is paraphyletic because of the placement of Motherwellia, Cephalaralia, Cheirodendron and Schefflera s.s. The phylogeny supports a more narrowly circumscribed Raukaua that includes the New Zealand but not the South American or Tasmanian representatives. Ancestors of the monophyletic South American and Tasmanian Raukaua and the mainland Australian Motherwellia and Cephalaralia diverged at c. 66 Mya and their current disjunction may be vicariant, with overland dispersal between Australia and South America, possibly via Antarctica. Vicariance is also a likely mechanism for divergence at c. 57 Mya of the monophyletic Motherwellia, Cephalaralia and Tasmanian Raukaua. The common ancestor of New Zealand Raukaua¸ Cheirodendron and Schefflera s.s. is inferred to have existed c. 62 Mya in New Zealand, before the marine incursions during the Oligocene, implying that New Zealand Raukaua and Schefflera s.s. survived the inundation period or speciated outside New Zealand and subsequently colonised. Ancestors of Cheirodendron split from New Zealand Raukaua c. 43 Mya and dispersed over vast expanses of the south-western Pacific to Hawaii.

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