scholarly journals Development of Lignocellulosic Biorefinery Technologies: Recent Advances and Current Challenges

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Amore ◽  
Peter N. Ciesielski ◽  
Chien-Yuan Lin ◽  
Davinia Salvachúa ◽  
Violeta Sànchez i Nogué
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Biomass Pretreatment ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Integrated Production ◽  
Continual Improvement ◽  
The Past ◽  
Biomass Structure ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals

Recent developments of the biorefinery concept are described within this review, which focuses on the efforts required to make the lignocellulosic biorefinery a sustainable and economically viable reality. Despite the major research and development endeavours directed towards this goal over the past several decades, the integrated production of biofuel and other bio-based products still needs to be optimized from both technical and economical perspectives. This review will highlight recent progress towards the optimization of the major biorefinery processes, including biomass pretreatment and fractionation, saccharification of sugars, and conversion of sugars and lignin into fuels and chemical precursors. In addition, advances in genetic modification of biomass structure and composition for the purpose of enhancing the efficacy of conversion processes, which is emerging as a powerful tool for tailoring biomass fated for the biorefinery, will be overviewed. The continual improvement of these processes and their integration in the format of a modern biorefinery is paving the way for a sustainable bio-economy which will displace large portions of petroleum-derived fuels and chemicals with renewable substitutes.

Recent progress in phosgene-free methods for synthesis of dimethyl carbonate

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weicai Peng ◽  
Ning Zhao ◽  
Fukui Xiao ◽  
Wei Wei ◽  
Yuhan Sun
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Dimethyl Carbonate ◽  
Ethylene Carbonate ◽  
Direct Synthesis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Oxidative Carbonylation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Traditional Process

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is considered as an environmentally benign chemical due to negligible ecotoxicity, low bioaccumulation, and low persistence. However, the traditional process of DMC synthesis via phosgene and methanol is limited in industry owing to the toxic raw material involved. Thus, environmentally friendly phosgene-free processes for DMC production have been proposed and developed in the past decades. Until now, the alternatives appear to be the oxidative carbonylation of methanol, the transesterification of propylene or ethylene carbonate (PC or EC), the methanolysis of urea, and the direct synthesis of DMC from CO2 with methanol. In this review, we present some recent developments of these phosgene-free approaches and their prospects for industrialization.

Terug van nooit weggeweest

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Derous ◽  
Mandy E.G. van der Velde ◽  
Marise Ph. Born
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Professional Field ◽  
Recruitment And Selection ◽  
Selection Practices

Recruitment & Selection: Back from never been gone Recruitment & Selection: Back from never been gone The Netherlands and Flanders are well known for their long and profound tradition in research and development on recruitment and selection practices. During the past decade, however, considerably less attention has been paid towards recruitment and selection topics, both within the Dutch/Flemish academic literature as well as at Dutch/Flemish universities (e.g., in terms of the number of specialized courses). This remarkable observation runs counter to the call for scientifically trained recruiting/selection experts as instigated by several new developments within the professional field of recruitment and assessment. This article presents six developments/trends in recruitment and selection. We further illustrate the scientific-practitioner gap as well as several perspectives on recruitment and selection to address some of the recent developments.

Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of spirooxindoles: recent developments

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (50) ◽  
pp. 6607-6621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang-Jian Mei ◽  
Feng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Synthesis ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Feature Article ◽  
The Past ◽  
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Catalytic Asymmetric

The past four years have witnessed significant developments in the field of the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of spirooxindoles, and this feature article outlines the recent progress in this area, including the contributions of our group. This article is divided into sections according to the size and type of the generated spiro-ring fused at the C3-position of the oxindole core.

scholarly journals Recent developments in the study of deconfinement in nucleus–nucleus collisions

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (05) ◽  
pp. 1430008 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gazdzicki ◽  
M. I. Gorenstein ◽  
P. Seyboth
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Strongly Interacting ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Matter Model ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Onset Of Deconfinement ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

Deconfinement refers to the creation of a state of quasi-free quarks and gluons in strongly interacting matter. Model predictions and experimental evidence for the onset of deconfinement in nucleus–nucleus collisions were discussed in our first review on this subject. These results motivated further experimental and theoretical studies. This review addresses two subjects. First, a summary of the past, present and future experimental programmes related to discovery and study of properties of the onset of deconfinement are presented. Second, recent progress is reviewed on analysis methods and preliminary experimental results for new strongly intensive fluctuation measures are discussed, which are relevant for current and future studies of the onset of deconfinement and searches for the critical point of strongly interacting matter.

scholarly journals Recent Progress and Future Challenges in the Supramolecular Polymerization of Metal-containing Monomers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Bäumer ◽  
Jonas Matern ◽  
Gustavo Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Research Area ◽  
The Self ◽  
Functional Nanomaterials ◽  
Major Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Supramolecular Polymerization

The self-assembly of discrete molecular entities into functional nanomaterials has become a major research area in the past decades. The library of investigated compounds has diversified significantly, while the field...

Wilfred Ethier. Modern International Economics. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. 1983. xviii + 588 pp.

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-83
Author(s):  
Nadeem A. Burney
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
New York ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
International Economics ◽  
International Monetary System ◽  
International Markets ◽  
The Past ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Recent Developments

Its been long recognized that various economies of the world are interlinked through international trade. The experience of the past several years, however, has demonstrated that this economic interdependence is far greater than was previously realized. In this context, the importance of international economic theory as an area distinct from general economics hardly needs any mentioning. What gives international economic theory this distinction is international markets for some goods and effects of national sovereignty on the character of economic activity. Wilfred Ethier's book, which incorporates recent developments in the field, is an excellent addition to textbooks on international economics for one- or twosemester undergraduate courses. The book mostly covers standard topics. A distinguishing feature of this book is its detailed analysis of the flexible exchange rates and a discussion of the various approaches used for their determination. Within each chapter, the author has extensively used facts, figures and major events to clarify the concepts in the light of the theoretical framework. The book also discusses, in a fair amount of detail, the existing international monetary system and the role of various international organizations.

Role of Research and Development in Sustaining Indian Agriculture: A Brief Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 396-401
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The Past ◽  
Indian Agriculture ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Development Institutions ◽  
Agriculture Development

Technology united with research and development has evolved as a grave differentiator of the agriculture sector in India including production, processing, and agriculture packing and marketing of given crops. Near about 50 percent of the Indian workforce was engaged in the agriculture sector but its share in GDP was only 14 percent, much lower in comparison to former. Though, certain agriculture items showed a steady annual increase in terms of kilograms per hectare. Agriculture transformed significantly over the past few decades but when it comes to investment in research and development there is a lot more which needs to be done. The paper analyzes the role of various research and development institutions in boosting the growth of the agriculture sector that helps in attaining sustainable agriculture development and self-sufficiency in the production process since independence. It also focusesed on the various issues faced by these development institutions. The findings unveiled that since independence a lot more was done to boost the research and development in the agriculture sector at both the center and state levels but a proper implementation of these policies along with transparency could bring more desirable outcomes than were gained at present.

Developments in sugarcane processing over the past 15 years

2019 ◽  
pp. 451-458
Author(s):  
Peter W. Rein
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Technology Of Production ◽  
Sugarcane Processing

Developments in the technology of production of sugar from sugarcane tend to be incremental improvements in an effort to reduce costs and boost revenue. Nonetheless the developments are significant and contribute to sustainable sugarcane enterprises. Some technologies have adapted to changing environmental conditions, and more attention is being given to boosting revenue through associated activities, particularly in enhancing the potential for sugarcane operations to exploit the energy value of sugarcane. This paper outlines recent developments of interest in processing sugarcane.

Performing States-Of-In-Between: Dogs, Parrots, and Other Humans in Recent Austrian Performances

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-310
Author(s):  
Sabine Wilke
Keyword(s):  
Fine Arts ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Cultural Critique ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Dramatic Effect ◽  
The Past ◽  
Violent Content ◽  
The World ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Recent Developments

Every late spring since 1951, the Wiener Festwochen bring performers from around the world to Vienna for an opportunity to share recent developments in performance styles and present them to a Viennese public that seems to be increasingly open to experimentation. These festival weeks solidify a specific form of Viennese self-understanding and self-representation as a culture that is rooted in performance. This essay seeks to link two recent Austrian performances—one of them was part of the Wiener Festwochen in 2016, the other was staged in downtown Linz during the past few years—to this Austrian and specifically Viennese culture of performance by reading them as contemporary articulations of a tradition of radical performance art that can be traced back to the Viennese Actionism of the sixties and later feminist articulations in the seventies and eighties. They play on the dramatic effect of these actions, specifically their joy in cruelty, chaos, and orgiastic intoxication, by staging regressions and thus making visible what has been dammed up and repressed in contemporary society.1 Just as their historical models, these two performances merge the performing and the fine arts and they highlight provocative, controversial, and, at times, violent content. But they do it in an interspecies context that adds an entire layer of complexity to the project of societal and cultural critique.

The Medicinal Chemistry of Therapeutic Peptides: Recent Developments in Synthesis and Design Optimizations

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 2330-2355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anutthaman Parthasarathy ◽  
Sasikala K. Anandamma ◽  
Karunakaran A. Kalesh
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recombinant Production ◽  
Tremendous Progress ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Therapeutic Peptides ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Delivery Strategies

Peptide therapeutics has made tremendous progress in the past decade. Many of the inherent weaknesses of peptides which hampered their development as therapeutics are now more or less effectively tackled with recent scientific and technological advancements in integrated drug discovery settings. These include recent developments in synthetic organic chemistry, high-throughput recombinant production strategies, highresolution analytical methods, high-throughput screening options, ingenious drug delivery strategies and novel formulation preparations. Here, we will briefly describe the key methodologies and strategies used in the therapeutic peptide development processes with selected examples of the most recent developments in the field. The aim of this review is to highlight the viable options a medicinal chemist may consider in order to improve a specific pharmacological property of interest in a peptide lead entity and thereby rationally assess the therapeutic potential this class of molecules possesses while they are traditionally (and incorrectly) considered ‘undruggable’.

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