Improving nitrogen fixation of crop legumes through breeding and agronomic management: analysis with simulation modelling

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Herridge ◽  
J. E. Turpin ◽  
M. J. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Agronomic Management ◽  
Legume Nitrogen Fixation

The nitrogen fixed by legumes is a valuable resource in agriculture, with crop legumes alone contributing as much as 20% of the nitrogen requirements of the world’s grain and oilseed crops. Increasing legume nitrogen fixation through genetic improvement and more efficient management would have large economic benefits. Breeding for improved nitrogen fixation has, to a large extent, not been successful. Suggested reasons include the difficulty in combining single traits like nitrogen fixation with other traits, such as disease resistance, seed quality and yield, a lack of focus of programs and a lack of screening methodologies. Agronomic management of legume nitrogen fixation offers other opportunities. The challenge is to package those opportunities and provide legume growers with tools for understanding the factors determining nitrogen fixation, while at the same time providing them with site-specific management options. The potential of simulation modelling for assessing genetic and management options for enhancing nitrogen fixation of soybean grown at Warwick in south-eastern Queensland was investigated in a series of 30-year simulations using the APSIM modelling framework. The APSIM–soybean module was first adjusted to reflect observed responses of nitrogen fixation to soil nitrate. The subsequent simulations indicated that (genetically based) symbiotic nitrate tolerance would have only marginal benefits on residual soil nitrate (7 kg N/ha at sowing soil nitrate of 100 kg N/ha). Management of the crop for highest grain yield through optimising sowing dates, plant density and fallow length provided the best opportunities for increasing nitrogen fixation. The use of APSIM as a tool for managing legume nitrogen fixation appears to have merit.

scholarly journals Aspects of nitrogen use efficiency of cauliflower I. A simulation modelling based analysis of nitrogen availability under field conditions

2003 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. KAGE ◽  
C. ALT ◽  
H. STÜTZEL
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Nitrate Transport ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
N Supply

Data from several field experiments (eight crops grown under a widely varying nitrogen supply on a loess loam soil) were used for a simulation modelling based analysis of nitrogen availability of cauliflower. The model was built out of components describing root growth, nitrate transport to the roots and the vertical nitrate transport within the soil.Root observations obtained over 2 years indicated an increased fraction of dry matter allocated to the fine roots under N deficiency. An adopted version of a root growth model for cauliflower described the rooting data with an R2=0·75. Based upon an acceptable description of the soil water budget, vertical nitrate movement during the growth period of cauliflower was accurately described. The magnitude of this movement, however, was limited to soil depths of about 60 cm even after periods of high rainfall, because of a high soil water holding capacity. An analysis of the factors determining nitrate availability indicated that apparent mass flow was only of high importance for conditions of extremely high N supply where high amounts of nitrate nitrogen remain in the soil up to the end of the growing season. Otherwise, the dominating fraction of nitrate has to be transported to the roots by diffusion. Single root model based calculations of maximum nitrate transport to roots overestimated N availability as indicated by estimates of critical soil nitrate N that were too low. The introduction of a restricted uptake activity period of the roots was used to bridge the gap between theoretical calculations and empirical results. Scenario calculations were carried out to obtain functional relationships between N supply and residual soil nitrate levels for different soil conditions and management practices.

Effects of mulch, N fertilizer, and plant density on wheat yield, wheat nitrogen uptake, and residual soil nitrate in a dryland area of China

2009 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajun Gao ◽  
Yun Li ◽  
Jianchang Zhang ◽  
Wenguo Liu ◽  
Zhanping Dang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrate

Interactive effects of simulated hail damage and plant density on maize seed quality

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.P. Miya ◽  
A.T. Modi ◽  
T. Mabhaudhi
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Maize Seed ◽  
Hail Damage

Influence of the time and rate of liquid-manure application on yield and nitrogen utilization of silage corn in south coastal British Columbia

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
J. W. Paul ◽  
O. Schmidt ◽  
R. McDougall
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Liquid Manure ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Manure-N availability must be known in order to design application practices that maximize the nutrient value of the manure while minimizing adverse environmental impacts. This study determined the effect of time and rate of liquid manure application on silage corn yield and N utilization, and residual soil nitrate at harvest, in south coastal British Columbia. Liquid dairy or liquid hog manure was applied at target rates of 0, 175, 350 or 525 kg N ha−1, with or without addition of 100 kg N ha−1 as inorganic fertilizer, at two sites in each of 2 yr. Time of liquid-dairy-manure application was also tested at two sites in each of 2 yr with N-application treatments of: 600 kg N ha−1 as manure applied in spring; 600 kg N ha−1 as manure applied in fall; 300 kg N ha−1 as manure applied in each of spring and fall; 200 kg N ha−1 applied as inorganic fertilizer in spring; 300 kg N ha−1 as manure plus 100 kg N ha−1 as inorganic fertilizer applied in spring; and a control that received no applied N. Fall-applied manure did not increase corn yield or N uptake in the following growing season. At all sites, maximum yield was attained using manure only. Selection of proper spring application rates for manure and inorganic fertilizer were found to be equally important in minimizing residual soil nitrate at harvest. Apparent recovery of applied N in the crop ranged from 0 to 33% for manure and from 18 to 93% for inorganic fertilizer. Key words: N recovery, manure management

scholarly journals Fall and spring seeding date effects on herbicide-tolerant canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Clayton ◽  
K. N. Harker ◽  
J. T. O’Donovan ◽  
R. E. Blackshaw ◽  
L. M. Dosdall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
Herbicide Tolerant ◽  
Root Maggot ◽  
Crops Yield

More flexible and effective weed control with herbicide-tolerant B. napus canola allows for additional seeding management options, such as fall (dormant) and early spring (ES) seeding. Field experiments were conducted at Lacombe and Beaverlodge (1999–2001), Didsbury (1999–2000), and Lethbridge (2000–2001), Alberta, Canada, primarily to evaluate the effect of fall (late October-November), ES (late April-early May), and normal spring (NS) (ca. mid-May) seeding dates on glufosinate-, glyphosate-, and imidazolinone-tolerant canola development and yield. Fall seeding resulted in 46% lower plant density and nearly double the dockage than spring seeding. ES-seeded canola had 19% higher seed yield and 2.1% higher oil content than fall-seeded canola. ES seeding significantly increased yield compared to fall-seeded canola for 8 of 10 site -years or compared to NS seeding for 4 of 10 site-years; ES-seeded canola equalled the yield of NS-seeded canola for 6 of 10 site-years. Yield response to seeding date did not differ among herbicide-tolerant cultivars. Seeding date did not influence root maggot damage. Seeding canola as soon as possible in spring increases the likelihood of optimizing canola yield and quality compared to fall seeding and traditional spring seeding dates. Key words: Dormant seeding, seeding management, root maggot, herbicide-resistant crops, yield components, operational diversity

Effects of tillage, mulching and N management on yield, water productivity, N uptake and residual soil nitrate in a long-term wheat-summer maize cropping system

2017 ◽  
Vol 213 ◽  
pp. 154-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanjun Liu ◽  
Zhujun Chen ◽  
Pengyi Ma ◽  
Yan Meng ◽  
Jianbin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Water Productivity ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
N Management

Italian Ryegrass (Lolium Multiflorum) Management Options in Winter Wheat in Oklahoma

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad S. Trusler ◽  
Thomas F. Peeper ◽  
Amanda E. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

An experiment was conducted at three sites in central Oklahoma to compare the efficacy of Italian ryegrass management options in no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) winter wheat. The Italian ryegrass management options included selected herbicide treatments, wheat-for-hay, and a rotation consisting of double-crop soybean seeded immediately after wheat harvest, followed by early season soybean, and then by wheat. In continuous wheat, before application of glyphosate or tillage, Italian ryegrass plant densities in mid-September were 12,300 to 15,000 plants/m2in NT plots vs. 0 to 500 plants/m2in CT plots. When applied POST, diclofop controlled more Italian ryegrass than tralkoxydim or sulfosulfuron. In continuous wheat, yields were greater in CT plots than in NT plots at two of three sites. None of the Italian ryegrass management options consistently reduced Italian ryegrass density in the following wheat crop. Of the Italian ryegrass control strategies applied to continuous wheat, three herbicide treatments in NT at Chickasha and all treatments in NT at Perry reduced Italian ryegrass density in the following wheat crop. Italian ryegrass plant density in November and spike density were highly related to wheat yield at two and three sites, respectively. No management options were more profitable than rotation to soybean.

Nitrogen Removal by Orchardgrass and Smooth Bromegrass and Residual Soil Nitrate

Crop Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 1420-1426 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Singer ◽  
K. J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Smooth Bromegrass

scholarly journals Fixação biológica de nitrogênio no Semiárido Brasileiro (Biological nitrogen fixation in the Brazilian Semiarid)

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 585
Author(s):  
Ana Dolores Santiago de Freitas ◽  
Everardo Sampaio ◽  
Carolina Santos ◽  
Aleksandro Silva ◽  
Renata Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Biological Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Legume Species ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Brazilian Semiarid ◽  
N Input ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

A fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN) é a principal forma de entrada de N em ecossistemas naturais e em sistemas agrícolas de subsistência, como os praticados predominantemente no Semiárido brasileiro. Estimativas dos aportes de N na Caatinga e em cultivos de importância para a região ainda são escassas, em parte pela dificuldade de medir simultaneamente as proporções de N derivadas da atmosfera (%Ndda) e as produções de biomassa no mesmo sistema. Estudos pioneiros indicam que diversas espécies de leguminosas, herbáceas e arbóreas, nativas e/ou cultivadas, podem fixar elevadas proporções de seu N. Em Caatinga bem preservada, os aportes de N em leguminosas arbóreas foram estimados em 11 kg ha-1 ano-1, um valor relativamente baixo devido à baixa densidade de plantas fixadoras. Entretanto, a densidade de leguminosas fixadoras na vegetação não é o único fator definindo o aporte de N, pois há observações de ausência de FBN em áreas de Caatinga em regeneração, dominadas por espécies fixadoras. No estrato herbáceo, os aportes de N podem chegar a 6 kg ha-1 ano-1, nas áreas com menor cobertura de arbóreas. As quantidades de N fixadas nos diferentes sistemas de cultivo são pouco conhecidas. Para o feijão-caupi, a FBN pode se aproximar dos 30 kg ha-1, em cultivos consorciados com milho, chegando a 45 kg ha-1, em cultivos solteiros. Em cultivos irrigados, adubos verdes podem adicionar 185 kg ha-1, superando a quantidade exportada nas colheitas. Em sistemas agroflorestais, a adição anual de N pode chegar a 40 kg ha-1. Não existem estimativas do N fixado em gramíneas na região, mas algumas espécies apresentem potencial de FBN. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) is the main N input in natural ecosystems and in subsistence agricultural systems, such as those commonly practiced in the Brazilian semiarid region. Estimates of N inputs in Caatinga and the main regional crops are still scarce, partly due to the difficulty in measuring concomitantly the proportion of plant N derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) and the amount of biomass produced in the same system. Pioneer studies indicate that several legume species, herbs and trees, native and/or cultivated, can fix large proportions of their N. In mature Caatinga, N inputs in tree legumes were estimated at 11 kg ha-1 year-1, a relatively low value due to the low plant density of the legume species. However, plant density is not the only factor defining N input, since absence of fixation has been reported in regenerating Caatinga, even in those dominated by potentially fixing species. In the herb stratum, N input up to 6 kg ha-1 year-1 has been reported in areas with lower tree cover. Inputs in crop systems are largely unknown. Fixation in cowpea can reach 30 kg ha-1, in plants consortiated with corn, and 45 kg ha-1, in single crop. Under irrigation, green manure crops can add 185 kg ha-1 of fixed N, more than the amounts exported by the main crop. In agroforest systems, the annual input may reach 40 kg ha-1. There are no publish reports on N biologically fixed by Poaceae species growing in the semiarid region but it is known that some species have the potential to fix. Keywords: N-15 natural abundance, slash and burn agriculture, diazotrophic microorganism, rhizobia, symbiosis.   

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