Response by wheat to phosphorus and nitrogen, with particular reference to 'haying-off'

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (41) ◽  
pp. 625 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Dann
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
New South ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Plant Moisture ◽  
The Individual

Heron wheat was grown with four levels of phosphorus (as superphosphate) and five levels of nitrogen (as ammonium sulphate) on two pairs of sites in the Riverina of New South Wales, to examine the 'haying-off' phenomenon. Within each pair of sites there was a large difference in soil fertility, as a result of contrasting pasture and cropping histories. Various attributes of crop growth and yield were measured. The crops responded more to phosphorus than to nitrogen. Phosphorus increased grain yield on two sites, and 1000-grain weights on all sites ; nitrogen increased grain yield on one very nitrogen-deficient site, and decreased 1000-grain weights on all sites. In each pair of sites, vegetative growth was considerably greater on the higher fertility one ; however, the difference in grain yield was much less. The failure of the crops on the higher fertility sites to achieve the grain yield potential indicated by their vegetative growth, is possibly an expression of the phenomenon commonly called haying-off. In the absence of adequate soil and plant moisture measurements, it cannot be stated unequivocally that the observed possible expression of haying-off was caused by a soil moisture deficiency induced by increased vegetative growth responding to higher fertility. The nature of the responses to phosphorus and nitrogen on the individual sites suggests that other factors besides induced moisture deficiency may be involved.

Optimising grain yield and grazing potential of crops across Australia’s high-rainfall zone: a simulation analysis. 2. Canola

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianne M. Lilley ◽  
Lindsay W. Bell ◽  
John A. Kirkegaard
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Vernalisation Requirement ◽  
Crop Density

Recent expansion of cropping into Australia’s high-rainfall zone (HRZ) has involved dual-purpose crops suited to long growing seasons that produce both forage and grain. Early adoption of dual-purpose cropping involved cereals; however, dual-purpose canola (Brassica napus) can provide grazing and grain and a break crop for cereals and grass-based pastures. Grain yield and grazing potential of canola (up until bud-visible stage) were simulated, using APSIM, for four canola cultivars at 13 locations across Australia’s HRZ over 50 years. The influence of sowing date (2-weekly sowing dates from early March to late June), nitrogen (N) availability at sowing (50, 150 and 250 kg N/ha), and crop density (20, 40, 60, 80 plants/m2) on forage and grain production was explored in a factorial combination with the four canola cultivars. The cultivars represented winter, winter × spring intermediate, slow spring, and fast spring cultivars, which differed in response to vernalisation and photoperiod. Overall, there was significant potential for dual-purpose use of winter and winter × spring cultivars in all regions across Australia’s HRZ. Mean simulated potential yields exceeded 4.0 t/ha at most locations, with highest mean simulated grain yields (4.5–5.0 t/ha) in southern Victoria and lower yields (3.3–4.0 t/ha) in central and northern New South Wales. Winter cultivars sown early (March–mid-April) provided most forage (>2000 dry sheep equivalent (DSE) grazing days/ha) at most locations because of the extended vegetative stage linked to the high vernalisation requirement. At locations with Mediterranean climates, the low frequency (<30% of years) of early sowing opportunities before mid-April limited the utility of winter cultivars. Winter × spring cultivars (not yet commercially available), which have an intermediate phenology, had a longer, more reliable sowing window, high grazing potential (up to 1800 DSE-days/ha) and high grain-yield potential. Spring cultivars provided less, but had commercially useful grazing opportunities (300–700 DSE-days/ha) and similar yields to early-sown cultivars. Significant unrealised potential for dual-purpose canola crops of winter × spring and slow spring cultivars was suggested in the south-west of Western Australia, on the Northern Tablelands and Slopes of New South Wales and in southern Queensland. The simulations emphasised the importance of early sowing, adequate N supply and sowing density to maximise grazing potential from dual-purpose crops.

Interaction Between Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Diclofop to Reduce the Cost of Annual Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) Control

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 634-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deirdre Lemerle ◽  
Birgitte Verbeek ◽  
Neil E. Coombes
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Control Cost ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Cost

The influence of wheat variety on the dose-response of annual ryegrass to diclofop-methyl (POST) was examined in the field in 1992 and 1993 in southern New South Wales, Australia. The aim was to determine if planting a strongly competitive variety of wheat improved control of annual ryegrass at reduced doses of diclofop-methyl. Suppression of ryegrass was dependent on herbicide dose, season, and wheat variety. In the absence of herbicide, dry matter (DM) production of annual ryegrass at 300 plants m−2at anthesis was 500 g ha−1with Dollarbird and Katunga compared to 1000 g ha−1with Rosella or Shrike in 1992. In 1993, DM was approximately 150 g ha−1with Dollarbird or Katunga, and 350 g ha−1with Shrike or Rosella. Ryegrass DM was reduced by diclofop-methyl to a greater extent, relative to the weedy unsprayed controls, with less competitive varieties Rosella and Shrike than with the more competitive Dollarbird or Katunga. Diclofop-methyl at 0.28 kg a.i. ha−1reduced DM of ryegrass growing with Katunga to less than 100 g m−2in 1992, compared to more than 200 g m2with the other varieties. In 1993, diclofop-methyl was more effective on ryegrass, and the same dose reduced ryegrass DM to almost zero in all varieties. Grain yields in unsprayed weedy controls of Dollarbird and Katunga were reduced approximately 20% by annual ryegrass compared with yields achieved with herbicides in both years. Yields of Rosella and Shrike in the unsprayed controls were reduced about 40% in 1992 and 60% in 1993. Only small increases in grain yields of all varieties occurred from diclofop-methyl doses above 0.13 kg a.i. ha−1. Poorly competitive varieties were dependent on herbicides to achieve grain yield potential and had a greater risk of weed survival when herbicide efficacy was reduced. In contrast, strongly competitive varieties, likely to retard build-up of weed seed in the soil, are less dependent on herbicides to achieve grain yield potential, and therefore result in reduced weed control cost.

The potential of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) in New South Wales. 1. Growth and yield

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
PL Milthorpe ◽  
RL Dunstone
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Simmondsia Chinensis ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Mean

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis [Link] Schneider) was tested at several sites and on various soil types to assess its production potential under rainfed conditions in semi-arid areas of New South Wales. Stands were established using either plants grown from seed or cuttings taken from selected plants. With good nutrition and weed control, plant height increased at a similar rate over the experiment at all but the most sandy site, where growth was consistently poorer despite similar climatic conditions and management. Stands established from seed had extremely variable yields. Some plants failed to produce seed after 8 years while other plants consistently produced fruit after year 4, with yields as high as 1 kg clean seed per bush by year 8. The average yield was well under 200 g plant-1 except at Trangie in 1986-87 (590 g plant-1). At year 3, 50-100% of female plants were unproductive and by year 8, between 8 and 26% of plants remained unproductive. The variation in yield of the sampled population was consistently high irrespective of seasonal conditions, and usually the upper quartile yield was only marginally higher than the mean. However, the maximum yielding plant produced up to 10 times the mean yield. By contrast, the variation in yield of individuals within a clone was low regardless of the yield potential of that clone and the maximum yielding plant rarely exceeded twice the mean yield. Some clones (A, B and F) show promise as agricultural lines as they are relatively consistent yielders and show early yield development. The highest yield obtained extrapolates to 1.1 t ha-1 at year 7 at a site which averages 417 mm rainfall per year. Further research is needed to identify the reasons for the high variability and fluctuations in yield.

The effect of (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) and presowing drought hardening on growth and grain yield of wheat

1972 ◽  
Vol 12 (54) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Philpotts
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
New South ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Trimethylammonium Chloride ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Dryland Farming ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Drought Hardening

The effects on the growth and yield of wheat of two seed treatments, dusting with CCC and presowing drought hardening (soaking and drying), were studied under dryland farming conditions. CCC increased grain yield by up to 88 per cent and the yield increase was due to an increase in the number of grains per fertile tiller. Protein content and bushel weight were unaffected by the treatment. Presowing drought hardening hid no effect on growth or grain yield. The yield increases obtained with CCC suggest that this growth regulator has a good potential for increasing wheat yield in the northern New South Wales wheat belt.

Yield losses in wheat caused by stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis West.) in northern New South Wales

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Ash ◽  
JF Brown
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
South Wales ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

Three field trials were established at Tamworth in northern New South Wales to quantify the effect of stripe rust on the yield of wheat. The yield parameters were total grain yield per plot, 1000-grain weight, number of grain produced per head. tiller number and grain yield per plant. In addition, grain protein and dough and flour quality were determined. The total yield losses were found to be dependent on the cultivar, the timing of the epidemic and the yield potential of the crop. In most cases, early stripe rust epidemics had a greater effect on yield than late epidemics. Total grain yield and 1000-grain weight were most often affected. Long season epidemics affected all the yield parameters, with losses of up to 50% in grain yield being recorded in susceptible cultivars. The quality of dough and flour was unaffected by the fungicide treatments. The results suggest that the levels of resistance of the currently recommended wheat cultivars were sufficient to protect them from yield losses from stripe rust epidemics in most years.

The effect of time of sowing on yield of mungbean (Vigna radiata) varieties in coastal New South Wales

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (106) ◽  
pp. 602
Author(s):  
PGE Searle ◽  
A Thirathon ◽  
MJT Norman
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
A Current ◽  
Block Experiment

The effect of time of sowing on the growth and yield of mungbean varieties (Vigna radiata var. aureus) was examined during summer in a warm humid coastal climate at Camden, New South Wales (latitude 34�s). Four varieties, Pusa Baisakhi, Berken, S8, and M4 were grown in a split-plot randomized complete block experiment with six replicates. Main plot treatments were three times of sowing (October 28, December 8 and January 19); varieties were on sub-plots. Berken, a current commercial cultivar, attained the highest grain yield, at the October sowing, of 1.5 t ha-1 in 97 days from sowing. S8 attained a yield of 1.4 t ha-1 at the October sowing in 103 days, but was susceptible to lodging, disease and pest attack. Pusa reached its highest grain yield (1.1 t ha-1) at the December sowing in 91 days. Although the grain yield of M4 was the lowest, its top dry matter yield of 5.1 t ha-1 at the December sowing indicates its promise as a forage crop.

Effect of clipping on yield of wheat

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (35) ◽  
pp. 731 ◽  
Author(s):  
PR Dann
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
South Wales

Wheat (CV. Heron) was subjected to various clipping treatments at Yanco, New South Wales, in 1963 and 1964. Clipping of vegetative growth decreased straw and grain yields in both years, but the decline in yield was much greater in 1963 than in 1964. Weight per grain was the major grain yield component reduced by clipping. Highly significant correlation; were obtained between dry matter removed at clipping, weight per grain, and grain yield.

Fertiliser responses of wheat sown into conventionally cultivated seedbeds and direct-drilled into previously uncultivated seedbeds

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 371
Author(s):  
PR Dann ◽  
RA Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Moderate Rate ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
The Difference

In 4 consecutive years (1980-83) on a red earth near Yass, New South Wales, 9 fertilizer treatments were applied annually to wheat which was either sown into conventionally cultivated seedbeds or direct-drilled into previously uncultivated seedbeds sprayed with herbicide. Treatments comprised 1 unfertilized control, 4 levels of P and at a moderate rate of P, 2 levels of S and 2 of N. The same fertilizer treatments were applied to each plot throughout the 4 years. The response to P was substantial, with yield increases up to the maximum rate of 37 kg of P/hathinyear. Average grain yield over 4 years was 3.2 t/ha at 37 kg P/ha and 0.5 t/ha without P. With fertilizer and grain prices that applied over the 4 years, these responses were highly profitable. There was a response to N in 1983 only (18 kg of grain/kg N) and a small response to S in 3 of the years. Yields were 17% higher under direct drilling in 1980, probably because of grassy weeds in the conventional cultivation plots. In 1981 there was no difference between the 2 tillage treatments, and in 1982-83 yields averaged 15% less under direct drilling. Although the difference between the yield of direct-drilled and conventional cultivation treatments were relatively greater without or at low P than at the highest P level, this interaction was not statistically significant.

The individual and health sector costs of asthma: the first year of a longitudinal study in New South Wales

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Kenny ◽  
Emily Lancsar ◽  
Jane Hall ◽  
Madeleine King ◽  
Meredyth Chaplin
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
First Year ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Individual

Agronomic studies on irrigated soybean in southern New South Wales. II. Broadening options for sowing date

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Gaynor ◽  
R. J. Lawn ◽  
A. T. James
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Double Cropping ◽  
South Wales

The response of irrigated soybean to sowing date and to plant population was evaluated in field experiments over three years at Leeton, in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) in southern New South Wales. The aim was to explore the options for later sowings to improve the flexibility for growing soybean in double-cropping rotations with a winter cereal. The experiments were grown on 1.83-m-wide raised soil beds, with 2, 4, or 6 rows per bed (years 1 and 2) or 2 rows per bed only (year 3). Plant population, which was manipulated by changing either the number of rows per bed (years 1 and 2) or the within-row plant spacing (year 3), ranged from 15 to 60 plants/m2 depending on the experiment. Two sowings dates, late November and late December, were compared in years 1 and 3, while in year 2, sowings in early and late January were also included. Three genotypes (early, medium, and late maturity) were grown in years 1 and 2, and four medium-maturing genotypes were grown in year 3. In general, machine-harvested seed yields were highest in the November sowings, and declined as sowing was delayed. Physiological analyses suggested two underlying causes for the yield decline as sowing date was delayed. First and most importantly, the later sown crops flowered sooner after sowing, shortening crop duration and reducing total dry matter (TDM) production. Second, in the late January sowings of the medium- and late-maturing genotypes, harvest index (HI) declined as maturity was pushed later into autumn, exposing the crops to cooler temperatures during pod filling. Attempts to offset the decline in TDM production as sowing was delayed by using higher plant populations were unsuccessful, in part because HI decreased, apparently due to greater severity of lodging. The studies indicated that, in the near term, the yield potential of current indeterminate cultivars at the late December sowing date is adequate, given appropriate management, for commercially viable double-cropping of soybean in the MIA. In the longer term, it is suggested that development of earlier maturing, lodging-resistant genotypes that retain high HI at high sowing density may allow sowing to be delayed to early January.

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