Grazing management studies within the Temperate Pasture Sustainability Key Program: experimental design and statistical analysis

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Orchard ◽  
B. R. Cullis ◽  
N. E. Coombes ◽  
J. M. Virgona ◽  
T. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Species Groups

Long-term agricultural experiments such as the Temperate Pastures Sustainability Key Program (TPSKP) present significant challenges in the areas of planning and design, conduct, analysis and reporting. This paper concentrates on 2 aspects, namely, the experimental design and the statistical analysis. For long-term agricultural experiments which examine the effects of management strategies over time, an enumeration of the initial biodiversity is essential and permits the allocation of treatments to plots in such a way that potential bias in the estimation of treatment effects due to lack of uniformity in experimental units (plots) is reduced in the covariate analysis. Spatial replication is considered essential and the design should include at least 2 starting dates for management strategies so that the possible interaction between the year of start and the management strategy can be described. The data resulting from repeated measurement of herbage mass of major individual species or species groups represent a longitudinal data set with complexity due to the staggered commencement of treatments and also in part due to the nature of some of the strategies (closure and cuts). The analysis presented is the cubic smoothing spline approach of Verbyla et al. (1999) which integrates cubic splines, random coefficients, covariance modelling and estimation of systematic deviation. This approach, based on linear mixed models and using residual maximum likelihood (REML) has the flexibility to cope with the staggered imposition of management strategies and permits the partitioning of trends into smooth and non-smooth components, thereby quantifying species persistence and seasonal influence under each management strategy.

Long-Term Orientation and Earnings Management Strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesper Haga ◽  
Fredrik Huhtamäki ◽  
Dennis Sundvik
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Real Earnings Management ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Earnings Benchmarks ◽  
Jel Classifications

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigate how country-level long-term orientation affects managers' willingness to engage in earnings management and choice of earnings management strategy. Using a comprehensive dataset of 47 countries for the period from 2003 to 2015, we find that firms in long-term-oriented cultures rely relatively more on earnings management through accruals, while firms in short-term-oriented cultures engage in relatively more real earnings management. Furthermore, we find a larger discontinuity around earnings benchmarks in long-term-oriented cultures suggesting that manipulation of accruals enables benchmark beating with high precision. JEL Classifications: M14; M16; M21; M41.

scholarly journals Speciation of anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds: a global gridded data set for 1970–2012

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganlin Huang ◽  
Rosie Brook ◽  
Monica Crippa ◽  
Greet Janssens-Maenhout ◽  
Christian Schieberle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Species Groups

Abstract. Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) include a large number of chemical species which differ significantly in their chemical characteristics and thus in their impacts on ozone and secondary organic aerosols formation. It is important that chemical transport models (CTMs) simulate the chemical transformation of the different NMVOC species in the troposphere consistently. In most emission inventories, however, only total NMVOC emissions are reported, which need to be decomposed into classes to fit the requirements of CTMs. For instance, the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) provides spatially resolved global anthropogenic emissions of total NMVOC. In this study the EDGAR NMVOC inventory was revised and extended in time and in sectors. Moreover the new version of NMVOC emission data in the EDGAR database were disaggregated on a high sector resolution to individual species or species groups, thus enhancing the usability of the NMVOC emission data by the modelling community. Region- and source-specific speciation profiles of NMVOC species or species groups, are compiled and mapped to EDGAR processes (high resolution of sectors), with corresponding quality codes specifying the quality of the mapping. Individual NMVOC species in different profiles are aggregated to 25 species groups, in line with the common classification of the Global Emissions Initiative (GEIA). Global annual grid maps with a resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° for the period 1970–2012 are produced by sector and species. Furthermore, trends of NMVOC composition are analysed taking road transport and residential sources in Germany and the United Kingdom (UK) as examples.

scholarly journals Enhancing Noise Management Strategy: Recommendations from the strategy literature.

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (5) ◽  
pp. 987-995
Author(s):  
Graeme Heyes
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategy ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Balanced Approach ◽  
Social License To Operate ◽  
Social License ◽  
Noise Impact ◽  
Management Guidance ◽  
Noise Management

Airports are required to manage noise impact owing to their requirement to obtain a social license to operate, and to comply with legislation such as the ICAO Balanced Approach and Environmental Noise Directive. Research has however shown that noise management actions and interventions often take a techno-centric approach, are implemented in silos, and that their success beyond noise metrics is rarely evaluated. Moreover, the success of Noise Action Plans in driving long-term noise management outcomes has also been critiqued at a number of levels. In the context of this background, this paper outlines the case for more strategic approaches to noise management and, drawing on the academic strategic literature, outlines approaches to developing such strategies that can be followed by airports. The aim of such approaches is to complement existing noise management guidance by providing step-processes that can aid airports in developing robust, repeatable, evaluable, and successful noise management strategies that are consistent with wider airport strategy and that are sympathetic to the needs of airport residents.

scholarly journals Statistical analysis of solar proton events

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 2255-2271 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kurt ◽  
A. Belov ◽  
H. Mavromichalaki ◽  
M. Gerontidou
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Solar Proton ◽  
Longitudinal Distribution ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Solar Proton Events

Abstract. A new catalogue of 253 solar proton events (SPEs) with energy >10MeV and peak intensity >10 protons/cm2.s.sr (pfu) at the Earth's orbit for three complete 11-year solar cycles (1970-2002) is given. A statistical analysis of this data set of SPEs and their associated flares that occurred during this time period is presented. It is outlined that 231 of these proton events are flare related and only 22 of them are not associated with Ha flares. It is also noteworthy that 42 of these events are registered as Ground Level Enhancements (GLEs) in neutron monitors. The longitudinal distribution of the associated flares shows that a great number of these events are connected with west flares. This analysis enables one to understand the long-term dependence of the SPEs and the related flare characteristics on the solar cycle which are useful for space weather prediction.

Pollution load modelling in sewer systems: an approach of combining long term online sensor data with multi-objective auto-calibration schemes

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Gamerith ◽  
D. Muschalla ◽  
P. Könemann ◽  
G. Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Calibration Data ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Pollutant Load ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Sewer Systems

Pollutant load modelling for sewer systems is state-of-the-art, especially for the estimation of discharged pollutant loads and development of sewer management strategies. However, conventionally obtained calibration data sets are often not exhaustive and have significant drawbacks. In the Graz West catchment area (Graz, Austria), continuous high-resolution long-term online measurements for discharge and pollutant concentration have been carried out since 2002. In this paper, the application of single- and multi-objective auto-calibration schemes based on evolution strategies for a deterministic hydrological pollutant load model will be discussed. Three approaches for pollutant load modelling are examined and compared: using a constant storm weather concentration and two surface accumulation–wash-off approaches with basic respectively extended wash-off equations. It is shown that the applied auto-calibration method leads to very satisfying results for both the calibration and the validation data set, and also for the dry and the storm weather runoff. Results from multi-objective calibration show better robustness in validation events than single-objective calibration. The build-up wash-off approach using the basic wash-off equation gives the best correlations between measured data and simulation results.

scholarly journals Speciation of anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds: a global gridded data set for 1970–2012

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 7683-7701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganlin Huang ◽  
Rosie Brook ◽  
Monica Crippa ◽  
Greet Janssens-Maenhout ◽  
Christian Schieberle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Species Groups

Abstract. Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) include a large number of chemical species which differ significantly in their chemical characteristics and thus in their impacts on ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation. It is important that chemical transport models (CTMs) simulate the chemical transformation of the different NMVOC species in the troposphere consistently. In most emission inventories, however, only total NMVOC emissions are reported, which need to be decomposed into classes to fit the requirements of CTMs. For instance, the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) provides spatially resolved global anthropogenic emissions of total NMVOCs. In this study the EDGAR NMVOC inventory was revised and extended in time and in sectors. Moreover the new version of NMVOC emission data in the EDGAR database were disaggregated on a detailed sector resolution to individual species or species groups, thus enhancing the usability of the NMVOC emission data by the modelling community. Region- and source-specific speciation profiles of NMVOC species or species groups are compiled and mapped to EDGAR processes (detailed resolution of sectors), with corresponding quality codes specifying the quality of the mapping. Individual NMVOC species in different profiles are aggregated to 25 species groups, in line with the common classification of the Global Emissions Initiative (GEIA). Global annual grid maps with a resolution of 0.1°  ×  0.1° for the period 1970–2012 are produced by sector and species. Furthermore, trends in NMVOC composition are analysed, taking road transport and residential sources in Germany and the United Kingdom (UK) as examples.

scholarly journals Multi-taxon inventory reveals highly consistent biodiversity responses to ecospace variation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ane Kirstine Brunbjerg ◽  
Hans Henrik Bruun ◽  
Lars Dalby ◽  
Aimée T. Classen ◽  
Camilla Fløjgaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Biodiversity Crisis ◽  
Reserve Management ◽  
Ecological Principles ◽  
As Species ◽  
Species Groups

AbstractAmidst the global biodiversity crisis, identifying drivers of biodiversity variation remains a key challenge. Scientific consensus is limited to a few macroecological rules, such as species richness increasing with area, which provide limited guidance for conservation. In fact, few agreed ecological principles apply at the scale of sites or reserve management, partly because most community-level studies are restricted to single habitat types and species groups. We used the recently proposed ecospace framework and a comprehensive data set for aggregating environmental variation to predict multi-taxon diversity. We studied richness of plants, fungi, and arthropods in 130 sites representing the major terrestrial habitat types in Denmark. We found the abiotic environment (ecospace position) to be pivotal for the richness of primary producers (vascular plants, mosses, and lichens) and, more surprisingly, little support for ecospace continuity as a driver. A peak in richness at intermediate productivity adds new empirical evidence to a long-standing debate over biodiversity responses to productivity. Finally, we discovered a dominant and positive response of fungi and insect richness to organic matter accumulation and diversification (ecospace expansion). Two simple models of producer and consumer richness accounted for 77 % of the variation in multi-taxon species richness suggesting a significant potential for generalization beyond individual species responses. Our study widens the traditional conservation focus on vegetation and vertebrate populations unravelling the importance of diversification of carbon resources for diverse heterotrophs, such as fungi and insects.

Effects of aspartic acid salts (Mg and K) on swimming performance of rats and dogs

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Roy O. Matoush ◽  
C. Frank Consolazio ◽  
Richard A. Nelson ◽  
Gerhard J. Isaac ◽  
Juan B. Torres
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
The Mean

Five separate experiments were performed to evaluate the effects, if any, of Mg and K salts of aspartic acid on the swimming times of rats and dogs. Experiments 1 and 2 were with rats doing a single swim-to-exhaustion in water maintained at 17 C and 25 C. In experiment 3 dogs performed a single swim-to-exhaustion in 17 C water. During the first three experiments each animal underwent two treatments; a no-treatment control, and an aspartate therapy. Experiment 4 was a long-term single swim-to-exhaustion test. The rats were divided into two groups: one group receiving a placebo and the other group receiving aspartate. Each group swam to exhaustion in 25 C water twice a week for 6 weeks. Experiment 5 was of the same experimental design as experiment 4 with the exception that a double swim-to-exhaustion was used to measure performance. Statistical analysis of the mean swimming times for both rats and dogs in the five experiments showed that average swimming times under control and aspartate therapy were not significantly different. exercise; ergogenic drugs; swimming time to exhaustion endurance criterion Submitted on May 8, 1963

Connecting Crop Nutrient Use Efficiency to Future Soil Productivity

2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-10
Author(s):  
Fernando García ◽  
Andrés Grasso ◽  
María González Sanjuan ◽  
Adrián Correndo ◽  
Fernando Salvagiotti
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Grain Crop ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Use Efficiency

Trends over the past 25 years indicate that Argentina’s growth in its grain crop productivity has largely been supported by the depletion of the extensive fertility of its Pampean soils. Long-term research provides insight into sustainable nutrient management strategies ready for wide-scale adoption.

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