Effects of ethephon on ripening, red colour, and storage performance of Jonathan and Delicious apples

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (124) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
RL Brohier ◽  
JD Faragher
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Storage Performance ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Anthocyanin Concentration ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Storage Disorders

Ethephon, at concentrations of 125- 1000 ppm, was applied to Jonathan and Delicious apple trees 3-4 weeks before the anticipated harvest date for untreated apples. Ripening of Jonathan, as measured by increases in red colour and flavour score, was advanced by 6, 10, and 15 d by 250,500 and 1000 ppm ethephon respectively. Softening was not affected. Fruit drop was increased by 1000 ppm only, to 14% of the crop. In Delicious, red colouring and flavour development were advanced by up to 6 d with 1000 ppm ethephon, but yellowing and softening were advanced more, by 7- 14 d with 250 ppm and up to 10- 17 d with 1000 ppm. Softening did not reach unacceptable levels, but three weeks after treatment, yellowing and water core reached unacceptable levels. Red colouring, as measured by anthocyanin concentration or area of red skin, was increased up to two-fold in Jonathan with 1000 ppm, and by up to 50% in Delicious with 1000 ppm. Ethephon also advanced the rise in susceptibility of both cultivars to storage disorders, breakdown and brownheart, in air or controlled atmosphere cold storage. However, if the treated apples were harvested when ripe, 7- 15 d before the controls, their quality after storage was the same as that of controls harvested later.

Reduction of red colour in Starkrimson apples using calcium nitrate sprays

1980 ◽  
Vol 20 (102) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
KM Jones
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
And Storage

Experiments were conducted for two years in Southern Tasmania on Starkrimson apple trees in an attempt to lighten the unacceptable dark red colour of the fruit. Treatments consisted of spraying trees with zero (control), two, four, six and eight sprays of 0.5% w/w calcium nitrate. Sprays were applied at weekly intervals, each treatment being completed one week prior to a common harvest date. In both years calcium nitrate reduced red colouration, the magnitude of the reduction was dependent on the number of sprays. In 1976 the proportion of unacceptable apples was reduced from 40% to 13% by eight sprays of calcium nitrate. The proportion of unacceptable fruit was further reduced from 13% to 1% during cold storage and ripening. Colour did not develop strongly in 1977 and although the effects of calcium nitrate sprays and storage plus ripening were to reduce red colour they were of no practical significance. A further experiment in 1977 tested the effect of increasing the concentration of calcium nitrate from 0.5% to 1.0% and 1.5% w/w, in an effort to reduce the number of sprays. No significant colour reduction resulted from these treatments. Yield was not significantly affected by any treatment. Calcium nitrate sprays reduced the incidence of breakdown in the 1976 trials at the higher number of applications, but no difference was detected in 1977.

EFFECTS OF SUCCINIC ACID 2,2-DIMETHYL HYDRAZIDE (ALAR) AND 2-CHLOROETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID (ETHEPHON) ON ABSCISSION AND STORAGE QUALITY OF McINTOSH APPLES

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. E. TESKEY ◽  
K. L. PRIEST ◽  
E. C. LOUGHEED
Keyword(s):  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Acidity ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Storage Quality ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Storage Disorders

McIntosh apples that had been sprayed at the end of July with Alar as recommended commercially for preharvest drop control, were later treated with ethephon at 400 and 800 mg/liter, 6 and 3 days before optimum harvest date. Results were compared with untreated fruit and with fruit from trees sprayed with Alar alone. Measurements were made of abscission and firmness as well as CO2 and ethylene (C2H4) evolution. Treated fruit had a respiration rate greater than that of the control at harvest time. Ethephon treatments resulted in fruit that was firmer than Alar-treated or control fruit. No differences were noted among treatments with regard to pH, total acidity, percent soluble solids, or storage disorders of the fruit.

scholarly journals Influence of harvest date and storage conditions on the content of chlorophyll pigments in pear peels

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Błaszczyk
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Chlorophyll Pigments ◽  
Controlled Atmospheres ◽  
And Storage

Influence of harvest date and storage conditions on the content of chlorophyll pigments in pear peelsDuring each season, pears were harvested on three dates at four-day intervals. The fruit was stored for 150 days in temperatures of 0-0.5°C in common cold storage (NA - normal atmosphere) and also in controlled atmospheres (CA) of different gaseous content: 0.8% CO2+ 2% O2, 2% CO2+ 2% O2and 3% CO2+ 3% O2. After removing the pears from storage they were additionally stored for seven days in a temperature of 17°C - simulated shelf life. The content of chlorophyll pigments (chlorophyll a + b) was determined after each harvest date, storage time and simulated shelf life. Based on the results, I concluded that the a + b chlorophyll content in the peel of both pear cultivars significantly decreased along with the subsequent harvest date. In addition, the storage conditions had a significant influence on the studied factor. Compared to the normal atmosphere, the controlled atmosphere conditions were more efficient in slowing the yellowing of the fruit due to reduced chlorophyll degradation. The atmosphere consisting of 3% CO2+ 3% O2or 2% CO2+ 2% O2was more favourable for the higher content of chlorophyll a + b in the peel of ‘Conference’ pears than 0.8% CO2+ 2% O2. In the case of ‘Concorde’ pears, the influence of particular compositions of CA on the content of chlorophyll a + b changed over the years.

scholarly journals Harvest Date Effect on Yield and Controlled-atmosphere Storability of Short-day Onions

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1623-1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Boyhan ◽  
Albert C. Purvis ◽  
William C. Hurst ◽  
Reid L. Torrance ◽  
J. Thad Paulk
Keyword(s):  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Specific Number

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of harvest date on yield and storage of short-day onions in controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage conditions. In general, harvest yields increased with later harvest dates. Yields of jumbo (>7.6 cm) onions primarily showed a quadratic or cubic response to harvest date, first increasing and then showing diminished or reduced marginal yields. Medium (>5.1 to ≤7.6 cm) onions generally showed diminished yield with later harvests as jumbos increased. Neither days from transplanting to harvest nor calculated degree days were reliable at predicting harvest date for a particular cultivar. Cultivars (early, midseason, and late maturing) performed consistently within their harvest class compared to other cultivars for a specific year, but could not be used to accurately predict a specific number of days to harvest over all years. Only three of the eight statistical assessments of percent marketable onions after CA storage were significant with two showing a linear increase with later harvest date and one showing a cubic trend, first increasing, then decreasing, and finally increasing again based on harvest date.

scholarly journals Preharvest Application of 1-Methylcyclopropene Influences Fruit Drop and Storage Potential of ‘Bartlett’ Pears

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max G. Villalobos-Acuña ◽  
William V. Biasi ◽  
Sylvia Flores ◽  
Elizabeth J. Mitcham ◽  
Rachel B. Elkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Physiological Disorders ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Parallel Experiment ◽  
Storage Potential ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Treatment Concentration

Preharvest applications of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) were tested on California ‘Bartlett’ pears at 80 N maturity and at rates of 0, 28, and 56 mg·L−1 in 2006 and 0, 50, and 100 mg·L−1 in 2007. In 2007, a parallel experiment was conducted to compare 50 mg·L−1 1-MCP with 96 g a.i./ha 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) used commercially to control or decrease premature fruit drop. Premature fruit drop, maturity, firmness at harvest, color, softening, and ethylene production during ripening and physiological disorders were studied in fruit harvested between 7 and 21 days after 1-MCP application and either ripened at 20 °C immediately after harvest or after 3.5 to 6 months storage at –1 °C. Overall, 50 mg·L−1 1-MCP reduced the incidence of premature fruit drop when compared with the untreated fruit and fruit drop was similar to adjuvant-treated fruit and NAA-treated fruit, especially 28 days or longer after the treatment. 1-MCP was more effective in retarding color, softening, and ethylene production during ripening than delaying fruit maturation on the tree (loss of firmness), and both rates of 1-MCP tested each season yielded similar fruit responses on most evaluation times. 1-MCP's effect on ripening was lost if fruit remained on the tree 21 days or after the fruit were stored for 3.5 months in cold storage regardless of treatment concentration. A reduction of internal breakdown incidence was observed in 1-MCP-treated fruit.

scholarly journals Effects of Rapid Consecutive Postharvest 1-Methylcyclopropene Treatments on Fruit Quality and Storage Disorders in Apples

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer DeEll ◽  
Behrouz Ehsani-Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Storage Rots ◽  
Internal Browning ◽  
Apple Quality ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Storage Disorders

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of rapid consecutive 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments on apple quality and disorders in storage. ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Spartan’ apples were harvested twice from commercial orchards and 1-MCP (1 μL·L−1) was applied postharvest either 1 day after harvest or 1 and 2 days after harvest. Similar fruit from both cultivars were also not treated with 1-MCP, plus an additional treatment of 2 μL·L−1 (double rate) 1-MCP was used on ‘McIntosh’. Fruit were held in either air storage at 0.5 °C for three or six months or in controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage for six or nine months. Overall, 1-MCP treatment improved firmness and acidity retention and reduced internal ethylene in both cultivars. However, ‘Spartan’ stored in CA often maintained these attributes without 1-MCP. ‘McIntosh’ apples treated twice with 1-MCP were often firmer than those treated just once. All 1-MCP treatments substantially reduced superficial scald and there was no difference in scald incidence among the treatments. Core browning was generally reduced by 1-MCP, but fruit treated once with 2 μL·L−1 or twice with 1 μL·L−1 1-MCP sometimes had higher incidence than fruit treated only once with 1 μL·L−1. ‘Spartan’ treated twice with 1-MCP also had higher incidence of internal browning after nine months. 1-MCP increased the incidence of external CO2 injury in ‘McIntosh’ from the first harvest, with fruit treated with 2 μL·L−1 having the highest incidence after six months of CA storage and those treated once with 1 μL·L−1 having the highest incidence after nine months. Storage rots were greatest after six months of air storage and 1-MCP treatments usually reduced the incidence, regardless of treatment. These results suggest that using more than the traditional single application of 1 μL·L−1 1-MCP may improve firmness retention, but there is also some risk associated with increased disorders, especially when storing apples long-term, such as for six months in air or nine months in CA storage.

scholarly journals Fruit Size Affects Physiological Attributes and Storage Disorders in Cold-stored ‘Royal Gala’ Apples

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1518-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinwook Lee ◽  
James P. Mattheis ◽  
David R. Rudell
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Physiological Attributes ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Storage Disorders

‘Royal Gala’ apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] fruit can be susceptible to the development of postharvest disorders such as flesh breakdown and cracking (splitting) during and after cold storage. The objective of this research was to investigate fruit size and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment effects on fruit physiological attributes and incidence and severity of storage disorders in ‘Royal Gala’ apples held in cold storage. In 2011, fruit segregated at harvest into two groups based on size (120 to 175, 250 to 350 g/fruit) were stored in air at 0.5 °C for 6 months and then at 20 °C for 7 days. In 2012, fruit were sorted into four groups (less than 200, 200 to 240, 241 to 280, and greater than 280 g/fruit), treated with 0 or 1 μL·L−1 1-MCP for 12 hours, and then stored in air at 0.5 °C for 3 or 6 months. Storage disorders were only detected at 6 months, regardless of 1-MCP treatment. In both control and 1-MCP-treated fruit, flesh breakdown incidence increased with fruit size, whereas severity was less associated with size. The progression of flesh breakdown developed in overall cortex tissue of control fruit but only detected in the stem-end tissue of 1-MCP-treated fruit. Internal ethylene concentration (IEC) decreased and CO2 production increased with increased fruit weight; however, 1-MCP-treated fruit had low IEC regardless of weight. Cortex tissue lightness (L*) increased with fruit size irrespective of tissue localization (stem end, equatorial, calyx end) at harvest. During 6 months’ storage, L* decreased with increased fruit size in controls but not 1-MCP-treated fruit. Fruit fresh weight loss increased with fruit size and storage duration, more so in controls when compared with 1-MCP-treated fruit. Furthermore, fruit circumference increased during storage with fruit size only for control fruit. These physical changes are associated with susceptibility of large fruit to flesh breakdown more so than small fruit. Reduced flesh breakdown incidence, progression of symptoms from the stem end into the cortex, and symptom severity in 1-MCP-treated fruit may indicate flesh breakdown is related to fruit ripening and senescence.

scholarly journals Harvest Date Effects on Maturity, Quality, and Storage Disorders of `Honeycrisp' Apples

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher B. Watkins ◽  
Mustafa Erkan ◽  
Jacqueline F. Nock ◽  
Kevin A. Iungerman ◽  
Randolph M. Beaudry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soft Scald ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Storage Temperatures ◽  
Storage Disorders

`Honeycrisp' is a new apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] cultivar that has been planted extensively in North America, but the storage disorders soggy breakdown and soft scald have resulted in major fruit losses. The effects of harvest date and storage temperature on fruit quality and susceptibility of fruit to these disorders have been investigated in Michigan, New York, and Maine. Internal ethylene concentrations were variable over a wide range of harvest dates, and a rapid increase in autocatalytic ethylene production was not always apparent. The starch pattern index, soluble solids content, titratable acidity and firmness also appear to have limited use as harvest indices. Development of soggy breakdown and soft scald is associated with later harvest dates and storage of fruit at temperatures of 0 to 0.5 °C compared with higher storage temperatures. It is recommended that `Honeycrisp' be stored at 3 °C, although storage disorders still can occur at this temperature if fruit are harvested late. In addition, greasiness development may be worse at higher storage temperatures.

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