Fruit Size Affects Physiological Attributes and Storage Disorders in Cold-stored ‘Royal Gala’ Apples

‘Royal Gala’ apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] fruit can be susceptible to the development of postharvest disorders such as flesh breakdown and cracking (splitting) during and after cold storage. The objective of this research was to investigate fruit size and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment effects on fruit physiological attributes and incidence and severity of storage disorders in ‘Royal Gala’ apples held in cold storage. In 2011, fruit segregated at harvest into two groups based on size (120 to 175, 250 to 350 g/fruit) were stored in air at 0.5 °C for 6 months and then at 20 °C for 7 days. In 2012, fruit were sorted into four groups (less than 200, 200 to 240, 241 to 280, and greater than 280 g/fruit), treated with 0 or 1 μL·L−1 1-MCP for 12 hours, and then stored in air at 0.5 °C for 3 or 6 months. Storage disorders were only detected at 6 months, regardless of 1-MCP treatment. In both control and 1-MCP-treated fruit, flesh breakdown incidence increased with fruit size, whereas severity was less associated with size. The progression of flesh breakdown developed in overall cortex tissue of control fruit but only detected in the stem-end tissue of 1-MCP-treated fruit. Internal ethylene concentration (IEC) decreased and CO2 production increased with increased fruit weight; however, 1-MCP-treated fruit had low IEC regardless of weight. Cortex tissue lightness (L*) increased with fruit size irrespective of tissue localization (stem end, equatorial, calyx end) at harvest. During 6 months’ storage, L* decreased with increased fruit size in controls but not 1-MCP-treated fruit. Fruit fresh weight loss increased with fruit size and storage duration, more so in controls when compared with 1-MCP-treated fruit. Furthermore, fruit circumference increased during storage with fruit size only for control fruit. These physical changes are associated with susceptibility of large fruit to flesh breakdown more so than small fruit. Reduced flesh breakdown incidence, progression of symptoms from the stem end into the cortex, and symptom severity in 1-MCP-treated fruit may indicate flesh breakdown is related to fruit ripening and senescence.

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Ripening and quality of 'Laetitia' plums following harvest and cold storage as affected by inhibition of ethylene action

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-204x2003001000002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 38 (10) ◽

pp. 1139-1148 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Luiz Carlos Argenta ◽

Juliana Golin Krammes ◽

Clarice Aparecida Megguer ◽

Cassandro Vidal Talamini Amarante ◽

James Mattheis

Keyword(s):

Cold Storage ◽

Skin Color ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Storage Life ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Storage Duration ◽

Ethylene Action ◽

Solids Content ◽

And Storage

The inhibition of ethylene action by 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) extends shelf and storage life of many climacteric fruits. However, 1-MCP appears to have limited effects on stone fruit depending on specie and cultivar. The effects of 1-MCP on ripening and quality of 'Laetitia' plums were determined during ripening at 23ºC following harvest and cold storage. Japanese plums (Prunus salicina, cv. Laetitia) were harvested at mature pre-climacteric stage, cooled to 2ºC within 36 hours of harvest and then treated with 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.50 or 1.00 muL L-1 of 1-MCP at 1°C for 24 hours. Following treatment, fruits were either held at 23ºC for 16 days or stored at 1ºC for 50 days. Fruits were removed from cold storage at 10-day intervals and allowed to ripe at 23°C for five days. A delay of climacteric respiration and ethylene production by 1-MCP treatment during ripening following harvest and cold storage was associated to a slow rate of fruit softening. 1-MCP treatment also delayed the loss of titratable acidity and changes of flesh and skin color, whereas it had little or no effect on soluble solids content. 1-MCP effects were concentration- and storage duration-dependent and, generally, a saturation fruit response to 1-MCP occurred between 0.5 and 1.0 muL L-1. During ripening, 1-MCP treated fruits attained quality similar to that of controls. Results indicated that 1-MCP treatment may extend shelf life (23ºC) and storage life (1ºC) of 'Laetitia' plums by approximately six and 20 days, respectively.

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Tolerance of conifer fine roots to cold storage

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x93-049 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 337-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

H.M. McKay

Keyword(s):

Cold Storage ◽

Electrolyte Leakage ◽

Fine Roots ◽

Fine Root ◽

Conifer Species ◽

Storage Duration ◽

Before And After ◽

Root Electrolyte Leakage ◽

Time Of Year ◽

And Storage

Fine-root electrolyte leakage from 2-year-old planting stock of three conifer species was measured on 13 dates between October 1989 and April 1990. The three species (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr., Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and Larixleptolepis (Sieb. & Zucc.) Gord.) were raised using either transplanting or undercutting and wrenching regimes. On each lifting date, excised fine roots were stored at 1 °C for 30 and 90 days. The deterioration of the fine roots was assessed by comparing electrolyte leakage values before and after storage. As the lifting date progressed from October to mid-December all three species became less adversely affected by storage, indicating that roots undergo physiological changes that increase their tolerance to prolonged cold storage. The interaction between lifting date and storage duration on fine-root quality differed in the three species. For example, Piceasitchensis could tolerate 90 days' storage commencing at any time from mid-December till early April with negligible root damage. Pseudotsugamenziesii could not tolerate 90 days' storage at any time of year, and tolerance to 30 days' storage was limited and could be substantially reversed. Fine roots of Larixleptolepis were only slightly damaged after 90 days' storage beginning from mid-November to the end of December.

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Peach Latent Mosaic Viroid Reduces Tree Growth and Affects Fruit Quality in Peach

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.850c ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 850C-850

Author(s):

Gregory Reighard* ◽

David Ouellette ◽

Kathy Brock ◽

Duy Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Skin Color ◽

Blot Hybridization ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Dot Blot ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Control Fruit ◽

Fruit Maturity

`Coronet' peach on Lovell rootstock was planted near Clemson, S.C., in Dec. 1995 in 4 rows (= reps) 6.1 meters apart with trees 2.2 meters apart in-row. Trees were trained to a Kearney-V. In the 2nd leaf (Aug. 1997), `Ta Tao 5' buds were grafted to half (= 6-tree plot) the trees in each row. These trees received 2 `Ta Tao 5' chip buds infected with Peach Latent Mosaic Viroid (PLMVd) per scaffold at ≈0.75 to 1.15 m above ground. Dot blot hybridization confirmed that the chip buds successfully (100%) inoculated the treated trees, whereas the controls tested negative. Data collected in 2003 included bloom date, tree size, dormant and summer pruning times, fruit maturity date, fruit yield, mean fruit weight, skin color, soluble solids, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, and pH. Flowering and fruit maturity were delayed by ≈4 days in PLMVd-inoculated (PI) trees. PI trees produced larger fruit, but yield was 23% less than that of non-inoculated trees. Both fruit size and yield had been larger in PI trees in previous years. There were no differences in yield efficiency in 2003, but PI trees were 26% smaller in trunk cross-sectional area and 9% shorter. PI trees took 34% and 23% less time to dormant and summer prune, respectively and had 34% and 28% less wood removed by dormant and summer pruning, respectively than control trees. PLMVd increased fruit firmness, and PLMVd fruit lost firmness at a much slower rate. PLMVd did not significantly affect skin color, but PLMVD fruit were slightly less red. Soluble solid levels were higher in PLMVd fruit than control fruit during the first harvest, but were lower by the last harvest. Acidity was significantly higher and the soluble solids to acidity ratio significantly lower in PLMVd fruit. Control fruit had a slightly higher pH.

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Cropload Affects Fruit Quality of Honeycrisp Apple

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.841d ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 841D-842 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Terence L. Robinson* ◽

Christopher B. Watkins

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Fruit Rot ◽

Fruit Firmness ◽

Ethylene Concentration ◽

Red Color ◽

Wide Range ◽

Return Bloom ◽

Storage Disorders

In 2001 and 2002, we imposed a wide range of croploads (0-15 fruits/cm2 of TCA) on 4- and 5-year-old Honeycrisp/M.9 trees by manual hand thinning soon after bloom to define appropriate croploads that give adequate repeat bloom and also the best fruit quality. At harvest each year we evaluated fruit ripening and quality. Samples were stored for 5 months in air at 38 °F and 33 °F and evaluated for fruit firmness and storage disorders. Cropload was negatively correlated with tree growth, return bloom, fruit size, fruit red color, fruit sugar content, fruit starch content, fruit firmness, fruit acidity, fruit bitter pit, fruit senescent breakdown, fruit rot and fruit superficial scald, but was positively correlated with leaf blotch symptoms, fruit internal ethylene concentration at harvest, and fruit soggy breakdown. There was a strong effect of cropload on fruit size up to a cropload 7, beyond which there was only a small additional effect. Although there was considerable variation in return bloom, a relatively low cropload was required to obtain adequate return bloom. Fruit red color was reduced only slightly up to a cropload of 8 beyond which it was reduced dramatically. The reduced fruit color and sugar content at high croploads could indicate a delay in maturity of but, fruits from high croploads were also softer, had less starch and greater internal ethylene. It that excessive croploads advance maturity. Overall, croploads greater than 10 resulted in no bloom the next year, and poor fruit size, color and flavor, but these fruits tended to have the least storage disorders. Moderate croploads (7-8) resulted in disappointing return bloom and mediocre fruit quality. For optimum quality and annual cropping, relatively low croploads of 4-5 were necessary.

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Fruit Size, Yield, and Market Value of `GoldRush' Apple are Affected by Amount, Timing and Method of Nitrogen Fertilization

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.13.1.0153 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 153-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

James M. Wargo ◽

Ian A. Merwin ◽

Christopher B. Watkins

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Venturia Inaequalis ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Market Value ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Second Year ◽

June July ◽

And Storage ◽

Foliar Urea

`GoldRush' is a new scab (Venturia inaequalis) resistant apple (Malus ×domestica) with excellent flavor and storage qualities that tends to produce small and russeted fruit. We investigated the effects of rate, timing, and method of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on `GoldRush' fruit size and quality during 1998-99. Fertilizer treatments were 1) no N fertilizer (control); 2) a low N rate of 45 kg·ha-1 (40.1 lb/acre) applied in April (LN-Apr); 3) a low N rate of 45 kg·ha-1 applied half in April and half in June (LN-Apr+Jun); 4) a high N rate of 90 kg·ha-1 (80.3 lb/acre) split in April and June (HN-Apr+Jun); 5) a high N rate of 90 kg·ha-1 applied in April, May, June, and July at 22.5 kg·ha-1 (20 lb/acre) each month (HN-Apr+May+Jun+Jul); and 6) canopy sprays of 1% (wt/wt) urea-N, equivalent to 7 kg·ha-1 (6.2 lb/acre) applied monthly in May, June, July, and August (foliar urea). In 1998, an additional foliar urea spray at 5% (wt/wt) concentration was applied to trees after harvest. The first year's Ntreatments did not affect relative average fruit weights or total yields, but unfertilized trees produced more fruit in smaller size categories. Nitrogen fertilization resulted in greener and softer fruit both years. In the second year, all N additions increased yields compared with controls, but average fruit weight was inversely correlated with crop load. Foliar urea sprays and HN-Apr+May+Jun+Jul treatments increased yields the most. Fruit from LN-fertilized trees were normally distributed across a range of eight box-count size categories, peaking at size 100 both years. In the unfertilized control, fruit size was skewed into smaller size categories and yield was reduced. Total yields were greatest in foliar urea and HN-Apr+May+Jun+Jul treatments, but fruit-size distribution was skewed into smaller categories, peaking at size 138 in the second year. Foliar urea and HN-Apr+May+Jun+Jul treatments produced the highest crop value, but when estimated labor and fertilizer costs were considered, foliar urea and LN-Apr+Jun were the most efficient treatments. Nitrogen fertilizer improved fruit size and market value, but average fruit size in all treatments remained relatively small in both years, indicating that N fertilization alone may not increase fruit size in `GoldRush.'

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Effects of ethephon on ripening, red colour, and storage performance of Jonathan and Delicious apples

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9840130 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 24 (124) ◽

pp. 130

Author(s):

RL Brohier ◽

JD Faragher

Keyword(s):

Cold Storage ◽

Harvest Date ◽

Controlled Atmosphere ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Storage Performance ◽

Fruit Drop ◽

Anthocyanin Concentration ◽

And Storage ◽

Storage Disorders

Ethephon, at concentrations of 125- 1000 ppm, was applied to Jonathan and Delicious apple trees 3-4 weeks before the anticipated harvest date for untreated apples. Ripening of Jonathan, as measured by increases in red colour and flavour score, was advanced by 6, 10, and 15 d by 250,500 and 1000 ppm ethephon respectively. Softening was not affected. Fruit drop was increased by 1000 ppm only, to 14% of the crop. In Delicious, red colouring and flavour development were advanced by up to 6 d with 1000 ppm ethephon, but yellowing and softening were advanced more, by 7- 14 d with 250 ppm and up to 10- 17 d with 1000 ppm. Softening did not reach unacceptable levels, but three weeks after treatment, yellowing and water core reached unacceptable levels. Red colouring, as measured by anthocyanin concentration or area of red skin, was increased up to two-fold in Jonathan with 1000 ppm, and by up to 50% in Delicious with 1000 ppm. Ethephon also advanced the rise in susceptibility of both cultivars to storage disorders, breakdown and brownheart, in air or controlled atmosphere cold storage. However, if the treated apples were harvested when ripe, 7- 15 d before the controls, their quality after storage was the same as that of controls harvested later.

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Storage Temperature and 1-Methylcyclopropene Treatment Affect Storage Disorders and Physiological Attributes of ‘Royal Gala’ Apples

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.51.1.84 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 84-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jinwook Lee ◽

James P. Mattheis ◽

David R. Rudell

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Cold Storage ◽

Malus Domestica ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Quality Attributes ◽

Ethylene Concentration ◽

Physiological Disorders ◽

Flesh Browning ◽

Treatment Concentration ◽

Storage Disorders

‘Royal Gala’ apples [Malus domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.]can develop postharvest disorders such as flesh browning, senescent breakdown, peeling, cracking, or shriveling during and after cold storage. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of storage temperature and a range (0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1 µL·L−1) of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) concentrations on fruit quality attributes and incidence and severity of physiological disorders during and after cold storage. Storage temperature differentially affected internal ethylene concentration (IEC), fruit circumference, and cortex color. 1-MCP treatment resulted in significant effects on fruit quality attributes and severity of physiological disorders, regardless of storage temperature. Incidence and severity of diffuse flesh breakdown (DFB), shriveling, cracking, and peeling were highest in control fruit stored but radial stem-end flesh breakdown (RSFB) only primarily in 1-MCP-treated fruit. Incidence of RSFB was highest following storage at 0.5 °C compared with 3 °C. 1-MCP treatment had the most influence on disorder incidence/severity or quality attributes, while treatment concentration of 1-MCP was not significant. Overall, the results indicate that 1-MCP treatment can reduce the incidence of ‘Royal Gala’ DFB but may enhance sensitivity to RSFB, when fruit are stored at 0.5 or 3 °C. Incidence of DFB and RSFB are influenced differentially by storage temperature or by 1-MCP treatment, respectively, indicating they may be different disorders.

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ReTain Effects on Fruit Size, Maturity, and Storage Quality of' Jonagold' Apples

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.2.208f ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 208f-209

Author(s):

Chris B. Watkins ◽

Randolph M. Beaudry ◽

Terence L. Robinson ◽

Alan N. Lakso

Keyword(s):

Fruit Size ◽

Rapid Change ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Leaf Photosynthesis ◽

Commercial Plant ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Fruit Maturity ◽

Atmosphere Storage ◽

And Storage

ReTain™, a commercial plant growth regulator containing aminoethoxyvinylglycine, an inhibitor of ethylene production, was applied 4 weeks before normal harvest to `Jonagold' trees and the effects on fruit maturity and quality at harvest, and quality after air and controlled atmosphere storage was investigated. When fruit were harvested from 3 to 6 weeks after treatment, fruit ripening was inhibited as indicated by lower internal ethylene concentrations, delayed starch hydrolysis, and lower levels of skin greasiness. A number of factors indicated that other aspects of fruit metabolism were affected by the compound. Treated fruit were softer than nontreated fruit at the first harvest, and the benefits of ReTain on firmness appeared only at the later harvests. Also, at each harvest date, average fruit weight of ReTain-treated fruit was lower than nontreated fruit. We have investigated the possibility the ReTain and/or the accompanying surfactant, Silwet, inhibited leaf photosynthesis, thereby leading to altered carbon metabolism. Trees were unsprayed, or sprayed with surfactant, and ReTain plus surfactant. No treatment effects on photosynthesis were detected. However, leaf photosynthesis rates were generally low and quite variable. Measurements of fruit diameter confirmed that the increase in fruit volume following treatment was ≈2% less on the ReTain plus surfactant-treated fruit than nontreated fruit. The increase in fruit volume for the Silwet treatment was ≈1.5% less than in untreated fruit. The data indicates a rapid change in fruit volume as fruit changed in color. Inhibition of ethylene by ReTain may be an important factor influencing fruit size.

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Effect of AVG and MCP on Volatile Production of `Gala' Apple

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.977d ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 977D-977

Author(s):

Valeria Sigal-Escalada ◽

Douglas D. Archbold

Keyword(s):

Ambient Temperature ◽

Cold Storage ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Tissue Type ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Ethylene Concentration ◽

Control Fruit ◽

Harvest Dates ◽

Volatile Production

Our goal was to determine how aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) interact to influence postharvest storability and volatile production of `Gala' apple. In 2004 and 2005, AVG was applied to `Gala' apple trees 4 weeks before harvest. After harvest, control and AVG-treated fruit were treated for 20 h at 30 °C with MCP, and fruit were ripened at ambient temperature immediately after harvest, after MCP treatment, or after storage at 4 °C for 6 and 12 weeks. For both seasons, control fruit reached the highest internal ethylene concentration (IEC) during ripening at ambient temperature immediately after harvest. After storage, control fruit had very low IEC in 2004, but the highest in 2005. In general, the combined treatment repressed ethylene production the most for all harvest dates and lengths of storage. AVG plus MCP-treated fruit consistently had the highest flesh firmness (FF) but also had the lowest total volatile production (TVP) by flesh or peel after 6 and 12 weeks in cold storage following both harvest dates. The activity of alcohol acyltransferase was affected by the treatments, but could not explain all the variation found in TVP. TVP was lower for flesh than peel of control and treated fruit, but feeding alcohol substrates to the fruit resulted in a significant increase in TVP, regardless of tissue type or treatment. The results indicate that the combination of AVG plus MCP maintained apple fruit FF in cold storage better than the treatments used alone, but also substantially reduced TVP. Substrate availability seemed to be the most limiting factor affecting TVP by flesh and peel of `Gala' apples treated with AVG plus MCP.

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Physicochemical Responses of ‘Kinnow’ Mandarins to Wax and Polyethylene Covering During Cold Storage

Open Agriculture ◽

10.1515/opag-2018-0071 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 678-683 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Seied Mehdi Miri ◽

Meysam Salari ◽

Ahmad Ahmadpour

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Cold Storage ◽

Storage Period ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Polyethylene Film ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Kinnow Mandarin ◽

And Storage ◽

Qualitative Characteristics

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the influence of wax, polyethylene film (19 μm thickness) and storage time on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics and shelf life of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. ‘Kinnow’) stored at 5°C for 90 days. The mandarins were analyzed for physicochemical characters such as weight loss, weight of fruit, flesh, pulp, juice and peel, as well as total soluble solids (TSS) content, titratable acidity (TA), and pH. Polyethylene film wrapping reduced fresh weight loss and resulted in the highest fruit weight at the end of the 90-day cold storage period. No significant differences were found among coating treatments in pH, TSS, TA content and TSS/TA. The results revealed an increasing trend in TSS and TSS/TA during storage. It is recommended to use polyethylene coating on ‘Kinnow’ mandarins to prevent weight loss and preserve quality during storage at low temperature (5°C) up to 90 days.

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