Tolerances of wheat cultivars to post-emergence wild oat herbicides

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 677 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Lemerle ◽  
AR Leys ◽  
RB Hinkley ◽  
JA Fisher ◽  
B Cullis
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
New South ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Visual Assessments

Sixteen spring wheat cultivars were tested in southern New South Wales for their tolerances to the recommended rates, and three times the recommended rates, and three times the recommended rates of barban, diclofop-methyl, difenzoquat and flamprop-methyl in 1978 and 1979. Differences between cultivars in their tolerances to barban and diclofop-methyl were identified in the grain yield responses to three times the recommended rates of these herbicides. Crop damage was more severe in 1978 than 1979. Olympic, Shortim, Teal and Warimba were consistently susceptible to barban, while Condor, Cook, Egret and Oxley were more tolerant than the other cultivars. The differences between cultivars treated with diclofop-methyl were smaller and variable. However, Lance, Teal and Tincurrin were the most sensitive whilst Cook, Kewell and Oxley showed the greatest tolerance. Visual assessments of crop damage did not accurately reflect crop tolerance, therefore grain yield should be used to identify susceptible cultivars.

Response of wheat cultivars to early post-emergence herbicides containing MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid)

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Leys ◽  
RB Hinkley ◽  
JA Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
New South ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Main Tiller

In southern New South Wales in 1978 and 1979, the responses of 10 spring wheat cultivars to early post-emergence applications of MCPA, bromoxynil plus MCPA, and dicamba plus MCPA, were evaluated. The herbicides were applied at the rate recommended by their manufacturer (1x), and at 3 times this rate (3x). Cultivars differed in their responses to these treatments and herbicide tolerance was related to the stage of development of the apical meristem of the main tiller at the time of spraying. Olympic, Shortim and Egret were the most sensitive cultivars and their grain yield, averaged over rate and year, was reduced by 33, 19, and 15% respectively. Songlen, Jabiru and Durati were the most tolerant cultivars. Songlen was not affected by any herbicide, even when the 3x rates were used, while the grain yields of Jabiru and Durati were only reduced in 1 year, and then only by the 3x rate of dicamba plus MCPA. The remaining cultivars, Kite, Gamenya, Condor and Lance, were intermediate in their response to these herbicide treatments. Delaying the application of 1 of these herbicides, dicamba plus MCPA, until spikelet initiation, minimised yield reductions. Correlations between visual assessment of crop damage and grain yield reduction varied between cultivars and between herbicides.

Tolerances of wheat cultivars to pre-emergence herbicides

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 922 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Lemerle ◽  
AR Leys ◽  
RB Hinkley ◽  
JA Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
South Wales

Twelve spring wheat cultivars were tested in southern New South Wales for their tolerances to the recommended rates and three times the recommended rates of trifluralin, pendimethalin, tri-allate and chlorsulfuron. Recommended rates of these herbicides did not affect the emergence or grain yield of any cultivar. However, differences between cultivars in their tolerances to trifluralin, pendimethalin and chlorsulfuron at three times the recommended rate were identified. The extent of the reduction in emergence and/or grain yield varied with herbicide and season, and there was also a herbicidexseason interaction. Durati, Songlen and Tincurrin were the most susceptible cultivars to trifluralin, and Teal was the most tolerant. Yield losses from trifluralin were more severe in 1979 than in 1980 or 1981. The differential between cultivars treated with pendimethalin was smaller and more variable; Tincurrin was the only cultivar with a yield reduction in more than one season. Durati, Songlen and Shortim were the only cultivars affected by chlorsulfuron. A reduction in crop emergence of a cultivar treated with trifluralin or pendimethalin did not correlate consistently with any grain yield loss, and reductions in emergence were always greater than yield loss.

Effect of timing of pasture grass removal on subsequent take-all incidence and yield in wheat in southern New South Wales

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Kidd ◽  
G. M. Murray ◽  
J. E. Pratley ◽  
A. R. Leys
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Pasture Grass ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Take All

Winter cleaning is the removal of grasses from pasture using selective herbicides applied during winter. We compared the effectiveness of an early (June) and late (July) winter cleaning with an early spring herbicide fallow (September), spring (October) herbicide and no disturbance of the pasture on development of the root disease take-all in the subsequent wheat crop. Experiments were done at 5 sites in the eastern Riverina of New South Wales in 1990 and 1991. The winter clean treatments reduced soil inoculum of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) compared with the other treatments at all sites as measured by a bioassay, with reductions from the undisturbed treatments of 52–79% over 5 sites. The winter clean treatments also significantly reduced the amount of take-all that developed in the subsequent wheat crop by between 52 and 83%. The early and late winter clean treatments increased the number of heads/m2 at 3 and 1 sites, respectively. Dry matter at anthesis was increased by the winter clean treatments at 3 sites. Grain yield was increased by the winter cleaning treatments over the other treatments at the 4 sites harvested, with yield increases of the early winter clean over the undisturbed treatment from 13 to 56%. The autumn bioassay of Ggt was positively correlated with spring take-all and negatively correlated with grain yield of the subsequent wheat crop at each site. However, there was a significant site and site × bioassay interaction so that the autumn bioassay could not be used to predict the amount of take-all that would develop.

Improved subsoil macroporosity following perennial pastures

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. McCallum ◽  
J. A. Kirkegaard ◽  
T. W. Green ◽  
H. P. Cresswell ◽  
S. L. Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Biological Action ◽  
The Other ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Annual Crops ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Yield Responses

Biopores left in the soil by perennial and annual pastures and their effects on macroporosity, water infiltration and the water use and productivity of subsequent wheat and canola crops were investigated in a field experiment on a Sodosol in southern New South Wales. Phases of both lucerne (4 years) and phalaris (10 years) improved the macroporosity and water infiltration into the dense B horizon compared with continuous annual crops and pastures. After removal of lucerne and phalaris, the subsoil (> 12 cm depth) contained similar numbers of pores > 2 mm diameter (228 and 190/m2, respectively) compared with a mean of 68/m2 after annual crops. However water infiltration rate after lucerne was greater than after phalaris, apparently because of more numerous pores > 4 mm, rather than a change in total porosity. The subsoil after phalaris on the other hand contained more pores 0.3 mm in diameter and a higher total porosity, possibly because of more roots around this diameter, and a longer period without traffic or cultivation. The number of lucerne biopores in the subsoil remained unchanged (170–180/m2) for at least 2 crops after the lucerne was removed although the average size decreased. The volume of water extracted from the subsoil by crops following lucerne was similar to that following annual crop/pasture for 10 of the 12 crop comparisons made. For 2 of the crops, more subsoil water (22 and 24 mm) was used after lucerne than after annuals, and in 1 season this was associated with higher yield of canola. During the 3-year study there was no winter waterlogging or post-anthesis water stress, so there was little opportunity for yield responses to improved subsoil structure. The results confirm speculation that the unfavourable structure of dense subsoils can be improved by the biological action of perennial pasture roots, although reduced wheel traffic and cultivation during the pasture phases may also play a role. Further studies will be necessary to demonstrate associated yield improvements.

The influence of spatial arrangement on grain yield of wheat

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Auld ◽  
DR Kemp ◽  
RW Medd
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Poisson Distribution ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Geometric Pattern ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Ear Number

In four experiments, conducted over three contrasting seasons on the central western slopes of New South Wales, the grain yields of three wheat cultivars (Condor, Durati and Phoenix) sown in rhomboidal, square and rectangular patterns were compared with yields from traditionally sown (Poisson distribution along rows 180 mm apart) and broadcast arrangements. Square sowing resulted in significant (P < 0.05) yield increases (due to an increase in ear number) over rectangular arrangements in one experiment at three sowing densities 75,150 and 200 plants m-2. In two drier years there was no significant effect of arrangement at any density (40-400 plants m-2) in any one experiment. There was, however, a consistent significant (P < 0.05) trend over all experiments over 3 years, described by a response surface, of decreasing yield with increasing rectangularity as density was decreased. It is postulated that this was due to reduced ability of the plants to utilize available space. Traditional (sown in three seasons) and broadcast (sown in one season) arrangements produced yields which were not significantly (P > 0.05) different from the highest yielding treatments. It was concluded that there is no advantage in changing from the traditional sowing pattern to any precise geometric pattern. However, in precision sowing, rectangular patterns will result in lower yields than square patterns as density decreases from 200 plants m-2.

The incidence of crown rot in wheat, barley and triticale when sown on two dates

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 559 ◽  
Author(s):  
TA Klein ◽  
LW Burgess ◽  
FW Ellison
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum Group 1 ◽  
Group 1

Thirteen bread wheat cultivars, a durum wheat, a barley and a triticale cultivar were assessed in the field for their reaction to crown rot (Fusarium graminearum Group 1), based on the incidence of basal browning. Plots were sown in May and again in July at 2 sites i n northern New South Wales where the incidence of crown rot was high in the previous year. The incidence of infected plants and the incidence of plants with basal browning tended to be higher in all cultivars when sown in May. There was a mean loss in potential yield at 1 site of 35% and 18% at the other site. However, the mean loss in potential yield was unaffected by sowing date.

Dry matter production and grain yield from grazed wheat in southern New South Wales

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. McMullen ◽  
J. M. Virgona
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Matter Production

In southern New South Wales, Australia, grazing wheat during the vegetative and early reproductive growth stages (typically during winter) can provide a valuable contribution of high quality feed during a period of low pasture growth. This paper reports results from a series of experiments investigating the agronomic management of grazed wheats in southern NSW. The effect of sowing date and grazing on dry matter production and subsequent grain yield of a range of wheat cultivars was measured in five experiments in 2004 and 2005. In all experiments, results were compared with ungrazed spring wheat (cv. Diamondbird). Grain yield of the best winter cultivar was either the same or significantly greater than the spring cultivar in each of the five experiments. Within the winter wheat cultivars, there was significant variation in grain yield, protein content and screenings, depending on site and year with the cultivar Marombi out-yielding all others. Interestingly, this cultivar usually had the least dry matter post-grazing but the greatest dry matter by anthesis of the winter wheats. Generally, if sowing of the winter wheat was delayed, then the effects on yield were small or non-existent. The results are discussed with respect to the benefits of incorporating grazing cereals into cropping programs in the medium rainfall zone of southern Australia.

Effect of split nitrogen applications on the yield and protein content of dryland wheat in northern New South Wales

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Doyle ◽  
RA Shapland
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
New South ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Equivalent Amount ◽  
N Application ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Yield Responses

Experiments were conducted with dryland wheat on a nitrogen (N) deficient site near Gunnedah, northern New South Wales, in 1987 and 1988 to compare post-sowing foliar applications of N with urea drilled between the rows at sowing. Post-sowing N was applied at tillering, booting or at both stages at rates of 20 or 40 kg N/ha while presowing applications ranged from 0-106 kg N/ha. Above ground dry weight and N uptake increased with increasing N application at sowing. Post-sowing N application increased dry weight and N uptake, with generally greater increases in N uptake than in dry weight. Dry weight and N uptake for post-sowing N application were invariably less than when an equivalent amount of N had been applied at sowing. Grain yield was increased by the application of up to 106 kg N/ha at sowing in 1987 and up to 80 kg N/ha in 1988 when a greater degree of moisture stress during grain filling restricted yield responses. Post-sowing N increased grain yield, but the yield response was lower than for the application of an equivalent amount of N at sowing. Grain yield responses were lower when N was applied at booting rather than tillering. Yield responses over the 2 years were 0.35-0.39 t/ha and 0.44-0.68 t/ha for 20 and 40 kg N/ha, respectively, applied at tillering and 0.26-0.4 t/ha and 0.26-0.48 t/ha for N application at booting. Post-sowing N application increased grain protein, with greater increases for booting than for tillering applications. There was an apparent recovery in the grain of 48-56% of N applied at sowing, but only 25-48% of N applied post-sowing.

Tolerances of canola, field pea, lupin and faba bean cultivars to herbicides

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Lemerle ◽  
RB Hinkley
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
New South ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Advanced Line ◽  
Yield Responses

The grain yield responses of cultivars of canola, field pea, lupin and faba bean to the recommended rates and twice the recommended rates of pre- and post-emergence herbicides were examined in field trials conducted at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, from 1986 to 1989. Significant (P<0.05) reductions in grain yield of some field pea cultivars resulted from the recommended rate of registered post-emergence herbicides: Cressy Blue (22%), Derrimut (20%) and Dundale (13%) with metribuzin (0.23 kg a.i./ha); Wirrega (26%) with cyanazine (1.0 kg a.i./ha); Wirrega (15%) and Maitland (13%) with methabenzthiazuron (0.6 kg a.i./ha). The canola lines Hyola 30 and BLC 198-82 also had significant reductions in yield (16-19%) from the recommended rate of clopyralid (0.09 kg a.i./ha). There were differences in cultivar (or advanced line) tolerance to other herbicides at twice the recommended rate: clopyralid (0.18 kg a.i./ha) applied post-emergence in canola; diflufenican (0.2 kg a.i./ha) and MCPA (0.75 kg a.i./ha) applied post-emergence in field pea; preemergence treatments of metribuzin (0.46 kg a.i./ha), cyanazine (3.0 kg a.i./ha) and simazine (3.0 kg a,i./ha), and post-emergence treatments of simazine (2.0 kg a.i./ha) and diflufenican (0.2 kg a.i./ha), in lupin. Faba bean cv. Fiord tolerated pre-emergence treatments of terbutryne (2.0 kg a.i./ha), prometryne (3.0 kg a.i./ha) and triallate (1.6 kg a.i./ha), and there was seasonal variation in faba bean tolerance to pre-emergence treatment with cyanazine (3 kg a.i./ha), metribuzin (0.42 kg a.i./ha) and simazine (2.0 kg a.i./ha). The crops tolerated the early post-emergence grass herbicides: clethodim (0.48 kg a.i./ha), diclofop-methyl (1.5 kg a.i./ha), fluazifop-P (0.21 kg a.i./ha), haloxyfop (0.156 kg a.i./ha), quizalofop (0.28 kg a.i./ha), sethoxydim (0.372 kg a.i./ha). Herbicides that were tested in field pea and found to have only marginal selectivity at the recommended rate (even though some cultivars were tolerant) were terbutryne + MCPA (0.4 + 0.15 kg a.i./ha), diuron (0.4 kg a.i./ha) and pyridate (1.35 kg a.i./ha). Pyridate was non-selective in canola, lupin and faba bean. Faba bean tolerance to glyphosate (0.18 kg a.i./ha) was achieved in 1989 if application was delayed from 11 to 15 weeks after sowing.

Time of sowing and wheat yield in northern New South Wales

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (66) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
AD Doyle ◽  
H Marcellos
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Leaf Area Duration

The influence of variation in time of sowing on grain yield in five wheat cultivars has been studied in the North West Slopes of New South Wales over the period 1967 to 1971. Highest grain yields were obtained when wheat was sown at the end of June so as to flower at the end of the first week in October. Reductions in relative grain yield of 5 to 7 per cent were recorded for each week that sowing was delayed after the end of June, or 9 to 13.5 per cent for each week that flowering was delayed after the first week in October. Lower grain yields from late sown crops were associated with lower leaf area duration after flowering which could account for 69 per cent of the variation in grain yield. Lower grain yields in early sown crops were associated with lower ear numbers which could be ascribed in part to the influence of frosts.

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