Salt tolerance of some tropical pasture legumes with potential adaptation to cracking clay soils.

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Keating ◽  
RW Strickland ◽  
MJ Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Tropical Pasture ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Macroptilium Lathyroides ◽  
Stylosanthes Scabra

Cracking clay soils or vertisols occur in large areas of the subhumid regions of north-eastern Australia and frequently contain appreciable levels of salt in their subsoils. The comparative salt tolerance of some tropical pasture legumes was studied in pots with NaCl added to a clay soil to achieve electrical conductivities (saturated extract, ECe) over the range 2.0- 20.0 dS m-1. Tolerance, based on EC, at 50% of maximum growth (in parentheses) was in the order: Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro (10.6)> Macroptilium lathyroides cv. Murray (9.9) > Vigna trilobata (9.7) > Indigofera spicata (9.5) > Desmanthus subulatus (9.3) > Arachis pintoi (7.9) > Clitoria ternatea (6.4) > Stylosanthes scabra (5.6) > Indigofera schimperi (5.4) > Psoralea tenax (5.3) > Rhynchosia minima (5.1). The grass Panicum coloratum cv. Bambatsi was markedly more tolerant than any of the legumes studied, with 50% yield at an EC, of 16.4 dS m-1. Patterns of Na+ and Cl- uptake with increasing level of salt differed between species, but were not related to the degree oftolerance observed. The results are discussed in terms of the reported salinity tolerance of legumes generally and their implications to the search for persistent legumes for clay soils.

Persistence and productivity of tropical pasture legumes on three cracking clay soils (Vertisols) in north-eastern Queensland

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Clem ◽  
TJ Hall
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Stylosanthes Scabra ◽  
Perennial Legumes

There are few commercial legumes available for sowing on the cracking clay soils of northeastern Queensland, where legumes are needed to improve quality of perennial native grass pastures and to arrest nitrogen decline in cropping land. To evaluate introduced legumes from heavy-textured soils, a replicated row experiment was established in 3 environments to assess the adaptation of 56 accessions from 37 species (22 genera). The sites were on 3 dark cracking clay soils supporting the following grasslands: Dichanthium -Bothriochloa- Astrebla; Dichanthium aristatum; and Cenchrus ciliaris on cleared Acacia harpophylla (brigalow) country.The main selection criteria during the 4-year evaluation were persistence, regeneration, production, and spread, with green leaf retention, nutrient concentrations, and pest susceptibility also being considered. The perennial legumes Clitoria ternatea (CPI 47 187 and CPI 49963), Desmanthus virgatus (CPI 78373), Leucaena leucocephala (CPI 61227 and cv. Cunningham), Stylosanthes scabra (CPI 55868), and Indigofera schimperi (CPI 69495), and annuals Centrosema pascuorum (CPI 55697), Desmodium dichotomum (CPI 47 186), and Vigna trilobata (CPI 47510), showed promise as pasture or short-term ley species for these clay soils (Vertisols) in subcoastal, north-eastern Queensland. Other species were identified that require evaluation of a wider range of genetic material. The role of perennial and annual sown legumes in pasture and cropping systems on these cracking clay soils is discussed.

Agropyron scabrum and its role in the epidemiology of Puccinia graminis in north-eastern Australia

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 789 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Rees
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Hybridization ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Formae Speciales ◽  
Black Clay ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
North Eastern

The perennial A. scabrum var. plurinerve is an important graminaceous host for P. graminis f. sp. tritici in north-eastern Australia. Rust uredosori were present on the grass in at least some localities during a 3-year period. The grass is of particular significance in the oversummering of P. grarninis f. sp. tritici, supplementing survival on volunteer cereals. Two distinct forms of the variety plurinerve have been identified. One is largely confined to the heavy black clay soils of the Darling Downs and parts of northern New South Wales and is of particular importance in the epidemiology of P. graminis. P. graminis f. sp. tritici, P. graminis f. sp. secalis, and a range of intermediate types occur on the grass, which is apparently a convenient site for somatic hybridization between different formae speciales and strains of P. graminis. P. graminis f. sp. tritici is particularly prevalent on the grass during the summer while the wheat-avirulent intermediate types normally predominate during the balance of the year. The occasional isolation of older strains of P. graminis f. sp. tritici from A. scabrum var. plurinerve suggests that development on the grass acts to some extent as a gene reservoir for the rust population.

Growth and regeneration of summer-growing pasture legumes on a heavy clay soil in south-eastern Queensland

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Keating ◽  
JJ Mott
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Heavy Clay ◽  
Seed Reserves ◽  
Macroptilium Atropurpureum ◽  
Macroptilium Lathyroides ◽  
Stylosanthes Scabra ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Growth and regeneration of summer-growing pasture legumes were studied on a black earth site near Dalby on the Darling Downs. Pure swards of some annual and perennial species (i.e. Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro, Macroptilium lathyroides cv. Murray, Stylosanthes scabra CPI 55856 and Rhynchosia minima CQ2970) were found to be productive (rainfed, 2-3 t ha-1, irrigated, 4-6 t ha-1) over 3 years. A moderately severe summer drought (to be expected on a 1 in 6 frequency), while severely limiting DM production relative to irrigated plots, did not adversely affect plant survival or regeneration in the following season. Waterlogging associated with normally high autumn and winter rainfall did prevent perennation, but regeneration from soil seed reserves was excellent and sward survival was not affected (4 t ha-1 after 3 years). The soil studied has a moderate level of subsoil salinity (EC, of 3.6 dS m-1 at 11 5 cm) but levels of chloride found in legume tissues (0.5-1.5%) were found to be unlikely to limit growth or to prejudice survival. Observations taken over the same period on pure grass plots (Panicum coloratum var. makarikariense cv. Bambatsi) revealed the grass had a deeper and more extensive root system (459 cm cm-2) than did any of the legume species (e.g. Siratro 111-118 cm c m-2) and was more effective in extracting soil water during dry periods.

Freshwater Cyanobacteria of North-Eastern Australia: 2. Chroococcales

Phytotaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
GLENN B. MCGREGOR
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Rivers And Streams ◽  
Original Illustrations ◽  
Freshwater Habitats

This volume provides the first detailed account of the Chroococcales of north-eastern Australia. It provides keys, morphological and ecological data for 6 families, 33 genera and 112 species, and photomicrographs and original illustrations to enable the identification of natural populations based on stable and recognizable characters observable with the aid of light microscopy. Distributional data are based on extensive surveys at 270 sites representing the major freshwater habitats including rivers and streams, palustrine and lacustrine wetlands, thermal springs, and man-made reservoirs in Queensland and the Northern Territory as well as a review of the Australian phycological literature. 

Some physical and chemical features of two upland crater lakes in tropical north-eastern Australia

1999 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Euphotic Zone ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Crater Lakes ◽  
Ground Temperatures ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Continuous Deposition

Lakes Barrine and Eacham, ~1.0 and 0.5 km2 area, 67 and 63 m depth respectively, lie at ~740 m a.s.l., ~17°S in north-eastern Australia. Seasonal changes in their volumes modelled from meteorological data correspond well with observations at Eacham. Temperature profiles through 6 years show summer stratification with a metalimnion at 20–30 m; in winter, near isothermy is usually attained. At Barrine, thermal stability varies between winter and summer (<500 and >4000 g-cm cm-2 respectively). Mixing is related to low ground temperatures during periods of generally low thermal stability; exceptionally it penetrates to >60 m. Oxygen saturation decreases from the surface to ~20% at the base of the euphotic zone (15–21 m) but oxygen is carried lower by mixing after which anoxia commonly rises to ~40 m. At Barrine, Fe-reducing redox (<200 mV) usually occurs below 50 m, but during mixing this boundary falls to within 1 m of the mud–water interface. The Barrine solution is dilute (total dissolved solids 55–58 mg L-1), and that of Eacham is more so. A concentrated monimolimnion has developed in the lowermost 2–3 m at Barrine but not at Eacham. Sedimentation at the middle of each lake results from the continuous deposition of open-water products punctuated by the redistribution of coarser detritus from the ‘shallows’ at times of deep mixing. The resultant laminations are preserved only at Barrine, protected by the chemical stability of the monimolimnion.

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