Tolerances of barley cultivars to post-emergence herbicides

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Lemerle ◽  
CR Kidd ◽  
BJ Read
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Rhynchosporium Secalis ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Barley Leaf ◽  
Adverse Environmental Conditions

Sixteen spring barley cultivars were tested in southern New South Wales for their tolerances to 12 post-emergence herbicides applied at the recommended rates and at three times those rates. Examples of unsafe combinations of cultivars and herbicides (at recommended rates) that have a risk of crop damage in this environment include: Shannon with bromoxynil at 0.42 kg/ha; Panvan with bromoxynil plus MCPA at 0.42 + 0.42 kg/ha; Bandulla, Beecher, Clipper, Malebo, Panvan and Weeah with dicamba at 0.08 kg/ha; and Clipper, Galleon, Lara and Shannon with dicamba plus MCPA at 0.11 + 0.48 kg/ha. Severe damage occurred to barleys from diclofop-methyl at 0.56 kg/ha and from chlorsulfuron at 0.01 8 kg/ha. Cultivars which showed tolerance were Grimmett, Lara, Stirling and Shannon with chlorsulfuron, and Shannon and Weeah with diclofop-methyl. The use of rates three times those recommended by the manufacturers in these experiments identified the susceptibility of additional cultivars which could be at risk of crop damage from overdosing, incorrect timing of application, or adverse environmental conditions. For example, Lara and Corvette with bromoxynil at 1.26 kg/ha; Corvette and Shannon with bromoxynil plus MCPA at 1.26 + 1.26 kg/ha; Corvette, Cutter, Galleon, Lara, Panvan, Schooner, and Shannon with dicamba plus MCPA at 0.33 + 1.44 kg/ha. The grain yields ofall cultivars were unaffected by both rates of difenzoquat, diuron, linuron, methabenzthiazuron or 2,4-D. The risks of crop damage v. the benefits of weed control are discussed. Seasonal variation was observed in the herbicidexcultivar interactions and this variation was sometimes of a greater magnitude than the differences between the cultivars. An interaction was observed between the incidence of barley leaf scald (Rhynchosporium secalis) and treatment with chlorsulfuron or diclofop-methyl. Routine screening of herbicides and crop cultivars for dangerous interactions is recommended, and we need a greater understanding of the effects of environmental factors on plant responses to herbicides.

Anthracoidea caryophylleae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Denchev
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
New South ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Far East ◽  
West Siberia ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Republic Of Georgia ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
South Wales ◽  
East West

Abstract A description is provided for Anthracoidea caryophylleae, which sometimes causes severe damage to Carex sp. Some information on its morphology, dispersal and transmission and conservation status are given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Canada (Northwest Territories, Quebec, Yukon Territory), USA (Alaska), Armenia, Azerbaijan, China (Jiangsu, Qinghai, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Xizang), Republic of Georgia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia (Far East, West Siberia), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Australia (New South Wales, Tasmania), Austria, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany. Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and UK) and hosts (C. ericetorum, C. vanheurckii, C. blepharicarpa, C. breviculmis, C. leucochlora, C. caryophyllea, C. depressa, C. huetiana, C. kiangsuensis, C. microtricha, C. nervata, C. sabynensis, C. subebracteata, C. trautvetteriana, C. umbrosa, C. aridula, C. asperifructus, C. korshinskyi, C. liparocarpos, C. supina, C. turkestanica and C. obtusata).

scholarly journals Yield reduction of spring barley in relation to disease development caused by Rhynchosporium secalis

1990 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-254
Author(s):  
Reijo Karjalainen
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Rhynchosporium Secalis ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Leaf Area Duration

Effects of barley scald caused by Rhynchosporium secalis on grain yield were studied in three spring barley cultivars under field conditions using artificial inoculation over three years. The disease strongly reduced the green-leaf area duration compared with fungicide-treated leaves. At low infection level, R. secalis reduced the grain yield of barley by 3—5 %. Moderate and severe infection reduced the grain yields of susceptible cultivars by 10—12 %. Single-tiller analysis of yield components indicated that grain weight and ear weight were most affected, but the number of grains was only insignificantly reduced by the disease. Implications of these results for controlling scald disease in Finland are discussed.

Rhynchosporium secalis. [Distribution map].

1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
West Indies ◽  
New South ◽  
Rhynchosporium Secalis ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Shetland Islands ◽  
Lower Volga ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Yemen Arab Republic ◽  
New Distribution

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud.) Davis. Hosts: Barley (Hordeurn), rye (Secale), and other Gramineae. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania (Tanganyika), Tunisia, ASIA, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Korea, Lebanon, Turkey, USSR (Tashkent), Yemen Arab Republic, AUSTRALIA, Australia (New South Wales; Western Australia), (Tasmania), New Zealand, EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Britain incl. Shetland Islands, Bulgaria, Crete, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Irish Republic, Italy, Nether lands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR (Latvia, Lower Volga), Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Alaska, Canada, Mexico, USA (Alabama, Tex.), CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Guatemala, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina (La Plata region, Patagonia), Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay.

Ramularia sphaeroidea. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1986 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ingham
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Wind Dispersal ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Airborne Conidia

Abstract A description is provided for Ramularia sphaeroidea. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Lotus corniculatus, L. major, L. uliginosus. DISEASE: Leaf spot of Lotus spp., causing severe damage to L. major in Australia (48, 2711) and to L. uliginosus in New South Wales (49, 3738). On the upper side of the leaf the brown spots bear scattered minute reddish brown speckles. The conidiophores on the underside give the spots a white frosted or woolly appearance. Sporulation is known to occur from June to September. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (Australia: New South Wales), Europe (England, Germany, Guernsey, Ireland). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.

scholarly journals Pyramiding of scald resistance genes in four spring barley MAGIC populations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juho Hautsalo ◽  
Fluturë Novakazi ◽  
Marja Jalli ◽  
Magnus Göransson ◽  
Outi Manninen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Association Studies ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Barley Leaf ◽  
Advanced Generation

AbstractGenome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) of four Multi-parent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross (MAGIC) populations identified nine regions on chromosomes 1H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H associated with resistance against barley scald disease. Three of these regions are putatively novel resistance Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). Barley scald is caused by Rhynchosporium commune, one of the most important barley leaf diseases that are prevalent in most barley-growing regions. Up to 40% yield losses can occur in susceptible barley cultivars. Four MAGIC populations were generated in a Nordic Public–Private Pre-breeding of spring barley project (PPP Barley) to introduce resistance to several important diseases. Here, these MAGIC populations consisting of six to eight founders each were tested for scald resistance in field trials in Finland and Iceland. Eight different model covariate combinations were compared for GWAS studies, and the models that deviated the least from the expected p-values were selected. For all QTL, candidate genes were identified that are predicted to be involved in pathogen defence. The MAGIC progenies contained new haplotypes of significant SNP-markers with high resistance levels. The lines with successfully pyramided resistance against scald and mildew and the significant markers are now distributed among Nordic plant breeders and will benefit development of disease-resistant cultivars.

Response of wheat cultivars to early post-emergence herbicides containing MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid)

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Leys ◽  
RB Hinkley ◽  
JA Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
New South ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Main Tiller

In southern New South Wales in 1978 and 1979, the responses of 10 spring wheat cultivars to early post-emergence applications of MCPA, bromoxynil plus MCPA, and dicamba plus MCPA, were evaluated. The herbicides were applied at the rate recommended by their manufacturer (1x), and at 3 times this rate (3x). Cultivars differed in their responses to these treatments and herbicide tolerance was related to the stage of development of the apical meristem of the main tiller at the time of spraying. Olympic, Shortim and Egret were the most sensitive cultivars and their grain yield, averaged over rate and year, was reduced by 33, 19, and 15% respectively. Songlen, Jabiru and Durati were the most tolerant cultivars. Songlen was not affected by any herbicide, even when the 3x rates were used, while the grain yields of Jabiru and Durati were only reduced in 1 year, and then only by the 3x rate of dicamba plus MCPA. The remaining cultivars, Kite, Gamenya, Condor and Lance, were intermediate in their response to these herbicide treatments. Delaying the application of 1 of these herbicides, dicamba plus MCPA, until spikelet initiation, minimised yield reductions. Correlations between visual assessment of crop damage and grain yield reduction varied between cultivars and between herbicides.

Tolerances of wheat cultivars to post-emergence wild oat herbicides

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 677 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Lemerle ◽  
AR Leys ◽  
RB Hinkley ◽  
JA Fisher ◽  
B Cullis
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
New South ◽  
The Other ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Visual Assessments

Sixteen spring wheat cultivars were tested in southern New South Wales for their tolerances to the recommended rates, and three times the recommended rates, and three times the recommended rates of barban, diclofop-methyl, difenzoquat and flamprop-methyl in 1978 and 1979. Differences between cultivars in their tolerances to barban and diclofop-methyl were identified in the grain yield responses to three times the recommended rates of these herbicides. Crop damage was more severe in 1978 than 1979. Olympic, Shortim, Teal and Warimba were consistently susceptible to barban, while Condor, Cook, Egret and Oxley were more tolerant than the other cultivars. The differences between cultivars treated with diclofop-methyl were smaller and variable. However, Lance, Teal and Tincurrin were the most sensitive whilst Cook, Kewell and Oxley showed the greatest tolerance. Visual assessments of crop damage did not accurately reflect crop tolerance, therefore grain yield should be used to identify susceptible cultivars.

Determining the agronomic value of composts produced from garden organics from metropolitan areas of New South Wales, Australia

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Y. Chan ◽  
C. Dorahy ◽  
S. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Total N ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Soil Conditioners ◽  
Pot Trial

About 0.3 million t/year of composted garden organics (CGO) including mulches and soil conditioners are produced annually in New South Wales, Australia, although only a small proportion of this material (<4%) is used in agriculture. A lack of information on product characteristics and agronomic performance has limited the development of agricultural markets for CGO products. These CGO products are the coarse and fine fractions separated by screening after composting. This paper presents the results of a survey of CGO mulches and soil conditioners (unblended or blended with a mixture of other organic materials including biosolids, animal manures and paper), which are commercially produced in the metropolitan areas of New South Wales and assesses their agronomic and soil amendment values in terms of chemical and biological properties. It also evaluates the short-term effects of applying increasing rates (0, 25, 50 and 100 t/ha) of selected composted soil conditioners on radish growth in a pot experiment. The mulch products had low nutrient concentrations but had high carbon (C) contents (mean C = 45%) and C/Nitrogen (N) ratios (mean C/N = 72) and are most suitable for use as surface mulch. The unblended soil conditioners were low in nutrients, particularly N (average total N = 1.0%, range 0.9–12%), and had lower and variable C contents. The pot trial results indicated lack of growth response of radish at application rates up to 100 t/ha of unblended soil conditioners from garden organics. The blended soil conditioners were more variable in quality and as confirmed by pot trial results produced highly variable plant responses. The high variability in product quality and performance of the soil conditioners, particularly the blended products might be related to the source and type of blending material as well as the composting conditions used in the manufacturing process. These results highlight the need to improve compost quality and consistency and the need for further research to advance understanding of the benefits using CGO in terms of improving soil quality, crop productivity and net economic returns to growers.

Genetic structure of the scald pathogen (Rhynchosporium secalis) in South East Australia: implications for control strategies

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1445 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Burdon ◽  
DC Abbott ◽  
AHD Brown ◽  
JS Brown
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
New South ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Rhynchosporium Secalis ◽  
Electrophoretic Variation ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Allelic State

A survey of electrophoretic variation in 89 isolates of Rhynchosporium secalis collected from cultivated and wild barley grass in Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania detected an average of 2.5 alleles at each of 11 loci in 5 enzyme systems. At five loci, two alleles each occurred at frequencies exceeding 0.2. Comparison of the frequency of alleles at these loci showed little association with host or geographic origin, pathogenicity of the isolates or with the allelic state at other loci. Given that this pathogen reproduces asexually only, this lack of association confirms previous suggestions that some means of asexual recombination is important in this pathogen. Furthermore, the results suggest that the most effective means whereby long-term control over R. secalis will be achieved is through the use of both pathotype-specific and field resistance complemented by other strategies like the use of fungicides and possibly varietal mixtures.

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