Control of Phytophthora canker with phosphonate in artificially inoculated almond and cherry trees

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJ Wicks ◽  
B Hall
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Soil Drench ◽  
Trunk Injection ◽  
Cherry Trees

Phosphonate (H3P03; as FOLI-R-FOS 200) applied as either a soil drench, foliar spray or trunk injection before infection inhibited the development of cankers in almond and cherry trees inoculated with Phytophthora cambivora. Phosphonate applied to the foliage in autumn and spring at rates up to 2 g a.i./L was the most effective treatment. Soil drenches up to 10 g a.i./L were also effective, particularly on young trees. Trunk injections completely inhibited the development of P. cambivora in many cases, but due to a possible phytotoxic reaction, the treatment was most suited for mature trees. Foliar sprays of phosphonate are likely to be most practical treatment as these could be applied with other foliar treatments. The inhibitory effect of phosphonate on canker growth persisted for at least 48 weeks after treatment, irrespective of the method of application.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the control effect of SAR inducers against citrus Huanglongbing applied by foliar spray, soil drench or trunk injection

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyun Li ◽  
Vladimir G. Kolbasov ◽  
Zhiqian Pang ◽  
Shuo Duan ◽  
Donghwan Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Soil Drench ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Trunk Injection

AbstractHuanglongbing (HLB) or greening disease, associated with the bacterial pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), is currently the most devastating citrus disease worldwide and no cure is available. Inducers of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) are effective and sustainable to combat various plant diseases. In this study, the SAR inducers acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), imidacloprid (IMI), 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA), and salicylic acid (SA), applied individually by foliar spray, soil drench or trunk injection at various rates and frequencies, were evaluated for control of HLB in a 3-year field trial with mature Hamlin sweet orange trees in central Florida, USA in the 2016, 2017, and 2018 crop seasons. Six foliar sprays, six soil applications, and three trunk injections of ASM, IMI, INA, or SA per year were conducted with the untreated as a negative control. HLB disease severity, Las titers, pre-harvest fruit drop, yield and fruit quality were investigated for the treatments. By the end of the 2018 season, all trunk injection treatments at 0.25 g/tree and foliar sprays of INA or SA (but not ASM or IMI) at 0.5 g/tree significantly reduced disease severity, Las population, and fruit drop, and increased fruit yield; whereas all foliar spray treatments at 0.25 g/tree, trunk injection treatments at 0.125 g/tree, and soil drench treatments at 0.25 or 0.5 g/tree did not provide effective control of HLB. Additionally, all trunk injection treatments at 0.25 g/tree had shown a significant decrease in fruit drop and increase of fruit yield starting from 2016 after 1 year of applications, whereas foliar sprays of INA or SA at 0.5 g/tree exhibited similar effects at 2018 after 3 years of applications. None of the SAR inducer treatments had significant effect on fruit quality. Economic analysis suggested that the trunk injection treatments at 0.25 g/tree might produce financial benefits. Overall, this study presents useful information for management of citrus HLB with SAR inducers.

scholarly journals Effect of Adjuvants on Oxytetracycline Uptake upon Foliar Application in Citrus

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 677
Author(s):  
Nabil Killiny ◽  
Faraj Hijaz ◽  
Pedro Gonzalez-Blanco ◽  
Shelley E. Jones ◽  
Myrtho O. Pierre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Citrus Huanglongbing ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Trunk Injection ◽  
Citrus Leaves ◽  
Target Effects

Recently in Florida, foliar treatments using products with the antibiotics oxytetracycline and streptomycin have been approved for the treatment of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), which is caused by the putative bacterial pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’. Herein, we assessed the levels of oxytetracycline and ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titers in citrus trees upon foliar applications with and without a variety of commercial penetrant adjuvants and upon trunk injection. The level of oxytetracycline in citrus leaves was measured using an oxytetracycline ELISA kit and ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titer was measured using quantitative PCR. Low levels of oxytetracycline were taken up by citrus leaves after foliar sprays of oxytetracycline in water. Addition of various adjuvants to the oxytetracycline solution showed minimal effects on its uptake by citrus leaves. The level of oxytetracycline in leaves from trunk-injected trees was higher than those treated with all foliar applications. The titer of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ in the midrib of leaves from trees receiving oxytetracycline by foliar application was not affected after four days and thirty days of application, whereas the titer was significantly reduced in oxytetracycline-injected trees thirty days after treatment. Investigation of citrus leaves using microscopy showed that they are covered by a thick lipidized cuticle. Perforation of citrus leaf cuticle with a laser significantly increased the uptake of oxytetracycline, decreasing the titer of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ in citrus leaves upon foliar application. Taken together, our findings indicate that trunk injection is more efficient than foliar spray even after the use of adjuvants. Our conclusion could help in setting useful recommendations for the application of oxytetracycline in citrus to improve tree health, minimize the amount of applied antibiotic, reduce environmental exposure, and limit off-target effects.

Infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands of Roots of Eucalyptus calophylla R.Br. and Eucalyptus marginata Donn. ex Sm

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Malajczuk ◽  
AJ Mccomb ◽  
CA Parker
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Root Damage ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Eucalyptus Marginata ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Loam Soil

On lateritic podzolic soils in Western Australia Eucalyptus calophylla is resistant to Phytophthora cinnamomi whereas Eucalyptus marginata is susceptible and eventually killed by the pathogen. On loam soils both eucalypts are resistant. Possible mechanisms for resistance of E. calophylla in lateritic soil and the inhibitory action of loam soils were investigated. Aseptically raised eucalypt seedlings succumbed to infection in liquid culture tubes. The mechanism of infection was compared by light and electron microscopy which showed similar fungal invasion and penetration into roots of both eucalypt species. Vegetative hyphae initially penetrated intercellularly and proliferated rapidly within cortical and stelar tissue. Intracellular invasion of these tissues occurred 48hr after initial infection through dissolution of the host cell wall. Chlamydospores were formed within a number of cortical cells. Unsuberized roots of mature trees produced aseptically showed reactions to invasion similar to those of the eucalypt seedling roots. Suberized roots were not invaded. The addition of small quantities of lateritic soil to sterile sand so as to introduce soil micro-organisms without altering the chemical and physical status of the sand, and subsequent inoculation of the sand with P.cinnamomi, resulted in a reduction of root damage on both eucalypts when compared with seedlings raised in sterile sand. Roots of E.calophylla were less severely damaged than those of E.marginata. The addition of small quantities of loam soil significantly reduced root damage in seedlings of both species. These results parallel both pot experiments and field observations, and suggest that microorganisms of the rhizosphere may be an important factor in the resistance of E.calophylla to infection, and in the inhibitory effect of loam soil on P.cinnamomi.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Foliar Sprays of Bacteriophages for the Management of Bacterial Canker in Greenhouse Tomatoes

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Ingram ◽  
Shi-En Lu
Keyword(s):  
Total Yield ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Plant Mortality ◽  
Greenhouse Tomato ◽  
Disease Progress ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Greenhouse Tomatoes

AgriPhage applied as a preventative foliar spray significantly reduced severity of bacterial canker of greenhouse tomato in two of three years. Area under the disease progress curves (AUDPC) indicated that AgriPhage slowed the progression of bacterial canker symptom development by 50% and 59% in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Plant mortality was significantly reduced by 76% in 2006 as compared to the inoculated control. AgriPhage-treated plants produced significantly greater total yield in 2006 only. Copper and Kasumin sprays also significantly reduced severity (AUDPC) of bacterial canker in 2007 as compared to the inoculated control. However, none of these treatments reduced symptom development or increased yield in 2008. Accepted for publication 9 April 2009. Published 12 May 2009.

scholarly journals Effect of Bioplex™ on Transplant Success of Non-Dormant Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.)

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-201
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Sammons ◽  
Daniel K. Struve
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Soil Drench ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Biostimulants are used to reduce the stress associated with non-dormant (summer dug) harvest of field-grown nursery stock; however, the effectiveness of biostimulant treatment is uncertain. This study tested the effects of three application methods of Bioplex™ (a commonly used biostimulant) to container-grown red oak seedlings on whole plant transpirational water use and growth before and after root pruning. Root pruning was used to simulate field harvest; it removed 59% of the seedling's total root surface area. Bioplex™ application by foliar spray, soil drench or a combination of foliar spray and soil drench, significantly reduced whole plant transpirational water use by 15% for three days after application, relative to untreated control seedlings. Root pruning significantly reduced whole plant transpiration, compared to non-root-pruned seedlings, and had a greater effect on transpiration than any Bioplex™ treatment. The previous season's Bioplex treatment had no effect on the spring growth flush following fall root pruning. Root pruning in fall significantly reduced root and total plant dry weights the following spring. Although Bioplex™ applications significantly reduced transpiration for three days after application, there does not seem to be any long-term beneficial effect when used to mediate summer digging transplant stress.

CONTROL OF SPRUCE BUDMOTH, ZEIRAPHERA CANADENSIS MUT. AND FREE., IN WHITE SPRUCE PLANTATIONS WITH ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES, STEINERNEMA SPP.

1991 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Eidt ◽  
Gary B. Dunphy
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Infective Juvenile ◽  
Soil Drench ◽  
Population Reduction

AbstractA spruce budmoth population reduction of 82%, as measured by moth emergence, was realized after a foliar spray in which Futura®, a commercial Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (B.t.) formulation, was added to a suspension of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser). The nematode suspension, which took advantage of the wetting and spreading agents in the formulation, was applied to runoff at the rate of 9785 viable infective juvenile nematodes per litre. Mortality was attributed to the nematodes; B.t. was not available to the cryptic larvae. Soil drench treatments were encouraging, and suggested that applications of nematodes to the soil may be feasible.

Bayleton® Seed Treatment Combined with Foliar Spray Improves Fusiform Rust Control in Nurseries

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-54
Author(s):  
S. J. Rowan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Infection Period ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Forest Nurseries

Abstract Bayleton foliar sprays eradicated all fusiform rust infections when applied up to 7 days after artificial inoculation and eradicated a significant number of infections when applied 28 days after inoculation. A combination of seed treatment and foliar spray provided complete control when the spray was applied up to 14 days after inoculation and further reduced disease incidence when the foliar spray was applied 28 days after inoculation. Foliar sprays applied before inoculation prevented infections up to four weeks after application but sprays applied to nongerminated seed did not prevent infections in seedlings originating from these seed. Seed treatment would, therefore, significantly improve fusiform rust control in forest nurseries. Without seed treatment, applications of both ferbam and Bayleton during the period of seed germination may be necessary to adequately control the disease in high rust-hazard nurseries. When seed are treated with Bayleton, the first foliar spray must be applied 14 days after germination begins or no later than 7 days after the first infection period following the first 14 days of seed germination. Thereafter, sprays should be applied at intervals not to exceed 35 days.

scholarly journals Effect of Application Techniques on Performance of Propiconazole for Peanut Disease Control

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Brenneman ◽  
H. R. Sumner ◽  
L. R. Chandler ◽  
J. M. Hammond ◽  
A. K. Culbreath
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
One Year ◽  
Severe Leaf

Abstract Propiconazole (Tilt®) was applied to Florunner peanut by injection into irrigation water (chemigation) or as a foliar spray. At rates of 0.12-0.25 kg/ha of propiconazole control of both Rhizoctonia limb rot (Rhizoctonia solani AG-4) and stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) was inconsistent. Chemigation resulted in the lowest incidence of stem rot, but the incidence of stem rot was only 26% less than the control. Yields from plots receiving chemigation were greater than expected based on disease ratings, indicating that some effects of the fungicide were not being evaluated. Where foliar sprays of chlorothalonil were applied for late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personatum), supplemental applications of propiconazole via chemigation improved leaf spot control. However, substituting chemigated propiconazole for foliar sprays of chlorothalonil consistently resulted in more severe leaf spot and, in one year, decreased yields. Propiconazole is most effective against leaf spot when applied as a foliar spray, whereas chemigation applications provide optimum efficacy against soilborne pathogens of peanut.

scholarly journals Management of Phytophthora Crown Rot in Pumpkin and Zucchini Seedlings with Phosphonates

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 1651-1656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla B. Yandoc-Ables ◽  
Erin N. Rosskopf ◽  
Elizabeth M. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Soil Drench ◽  
Cultivar Selection ◽  
Treatment Type ◽  
Copper Manganese ◽  
Foliar Fungicide ◽  
Affect Disease Severity

Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to determine the efficacy of two phosphonate-containing fungicides (FNX-100 and FNX-2500) against Phytophthora crown rot of pumpkin. The experiments were designed to determine the effects of crop cultivar, application method (soil drench versus foliar spray), and phosphonate concentration on the level of effectiveness of a crown rot management strategy using phosphonates. Pumpkin cultivar, treatment (type of fungicide product), phosphonate concentration, and application method significantly influenced the level of Phytophthora crown rot control. Between the two fungicides, only FNX-100 suppressed Phytophthora crown rot in pumpkin. For cv. Phantom, the highest level of control was achieved with the drench application of 3.0% FNX-100 whereas, for cv. Spooktacular, all three concentrations of FNX-100 (1.0, 2.0, and 3.0%, vol/vol) applied as a soil drench suppressed or significantly reduced the severity of crown rot. Additional experiments using zucchini as test plants demonstrated that, at the concentrations tested, FNX-100 was more efficacious than FNX-2500 in controlling Phytophthora crown rot and that zucchini cultivar or FNX-100 concentration did not significantly influence crown rot control with phosphonates. In this study, FNX-100, which is not currently labeled for use in vegetables, provided satisfactory disease control in both pumpkin and zucchini whereas FNX-2500, a foliar fungicide comprised of the phosphate/phosphonates and copper, manganese, and zinc, did not significantly affect disease severity. This study, albeit limited in scope, showed that cultivar selection may play an important role in the successful management of Phytophthora crown rot on cucurbits with phosphonates, information which may be useful in designing additional tests and developing management strategies for pumpkin and zucchini that are grown in the field.

THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF (2-CHLOROETHYL) TRIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE ON BARLEY

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Larter ◽  
M. Samii ◽  
F. W. Sosulski
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Trimethylammonium Chloride ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
Soil Drench ◽  
Moisture Regimes

A study was made of the effects of (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) applied to the varieties Parkland and Hannchen barley grown under controlled environmental conditions and predetermined soil moisture regimes. When applied to seedlings as either a soil drench or as a foliar spray, CCC retarded internode elongation thereby significantly reducing the height of plants as measured at maturity. A varietal difference in the response to a given treatment was evident with Parkland being more sensitive than Hannchen. Moreover, measured in terms of growth responses, application of CCC as a soil drench was more effective than as a foliar spray.Treatments in the range of 10−1–10−4 M significantly increased tiller number and seed yield on plants grown under a high moisture regime (daily watering). Under restricted soil moistures, however, neither grain yield nor plant weights (tops) were affected by CCC treatment. Treated plants grown under soil moisture stress used less water per unit weight of dry matter than did untreated plants.

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