The performance of Brahman-Shorthorn and Sahiwal-Shorthorn cattle in the dry tropics of northern Queensland. 4. Postweaning growth and carcass traits

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 531 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Fordyce ◽  
ID Loxton ◽  
RG Holroyd ◽  
RJ Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Meat Processing ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Breed Crosses ◽  
Brahman Steers

Postweaning growth to slaughter at 42 months of age in males and to initial mating at 27 months of age in females was studied in 4 inter se mated Bos indicus crosses in a dry tropical environment. Six-monthly growth periods from weaning (at about 6 months of age) generally coincided with wet and dry seasons. The cattle represented were second and subsequent generations of 112 Brahman and 112 Sahiwal crosses and first backcross and later generations of 314 Brahman and 314 Sahiwal crosses, The Bos taurus component of the crosses was primarily Beef Shorthorn. Annual growth averaged 300 g/day, with annual gain ranging from 60 to 180 kg. Average growth rates were about 50 g/day in the dry season (-352 to +374 g/day) and 500 g/day in the wet season (221-830 g/day). Postweaning growth of Brahman crosses was about 4% higher than Sahiwal crosses, with most of this advantage expressed in wet seasons. Sahiwal crosses were earlier maturing than Brahman crosses. Wet season growth was higher in 314 crosses than in 1/2 crosses, which probably reflected significant environmental stress in this period. Higher growth of 3/4 crosses tended to be maintained during dry seasons. Calves born late in a wet season grew more rapidly in dry seasons than early-born calves, so that liveweight differences which were apparent at weaning were reduced by one-third at 24 months of age. The difference between liveweights of weaners with young dams and those with mature dams was also reduced from 12-18 kg to 5-6 kg by 24 months. Dressing percentages of 3/4 cross steers at slaughter were 0.6 units higher than in half crosses, with no difference between Brahman and Sahiwal crosses. Sarcomere lengths, Warner-Bratzler shear force values, and Instron compression values together showed that M. longissimus dorsi muscle samples from 1/2 Brahman steers were the most tender of the breed crosses studied. Samples from Sahiwal cross and 3/4 Brahman steers appeared most affected by connective tissue toughness. Those from 3/4 Sahiwals appeared most affected by meat processing factors, causing them to be the least tender.

scholarly journals Genetics of heifer performance in 'wet' and 'dry' seasons and their relationships with steer performance in two tropical beef genotypes

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Barwick ◽  
D. J. Johnston ◽  
H. M. Burrow ◽  
R. G. Holroyd ◽  
G. Fordyce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

The genetics of heifer performance in tropical ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ seasons, and relationships with steer performance, were studied in Brahman (BRAH) and Tropical Composite (TCOMP) (50% Bos indicus, African Sanga or other tropically adapted Bos taurus; 50% non-tropically adapted Bos taurus) cattle of northern Australia. Data were from 2159 heifers (1027 BRAH, 1132 TCOMP), representing 54 BRAH and 51 TCOMP sires. Heifers were assessed after post-weaning ‘wet’ (ENDWET) and ‘dry’ (ENDDRY) seasons. Steers were assessed post-weaning, at feedlot entry, over a 70-day feed test, and after ∼120-day finishing. Measures studied in both heifers and steers were liveweight (LWT), scanned rump fat, rib fat and M. longissimus area (SEMA), body condition score (CS), hip height (HH), serum insulin-like growth factor-I concentration (IGF-I), and average daily gains (ADG). Additional steer measures were scanned intra-muscular fat %, flight time, and daily (DFI) and residual feed intake (RFI). Uni- and bivariate analyses were conducted for combined genotypes and for individual genotypes. Genotype means were predicted for a subset of data involving 34 BRAH and 26 TCOMP sires. A meta-analysis of genetic correlation estimates examined how these were related to the difference between measurement environments for specific traits. There were genotype differences at the level of means, variances and genetic correlations. BRAH heifers were significantly (P < 0.05) faster-growing in the ‘wet’ season, slower-growing in the ‘dry’ season, lighter at ENDDRY, and taller and fatter with greater CS and IGF-I at both ENDWET and ENDDRY. Heritabilities were generally in the 20 to 60% range for both genotypes. Phenotypic and genetic variances, and genetic correlations, were commonly lower for BRAH. Differences were often explained by the long period of tropical adaptation of B. indicus. Genetic correlations were high between corresponding measures at ENDWET and ENDDRY, positive between fat and muscle measures in TCOMP but negative in BRAH (mean of 13 estimates 0.50 and –0.19, respectively), and approximately zero between steer feedlot ADG and heifer ADG in BRAH. Numerous genetic correlations between heifers and steers differed substantially from unity, especially in BRAH, suggesting there may be scope to select differently in the sexes where that would aid the differing roles of heifers and steers in production. Genetic correlations declined as measurement environments became more different, the rates of decline (environment sensitivity) sometimes differing with genotype. Similar measures (LWT, HH and ADG; IGF-I at ENDWET in TCOMP) were genetically correlated with steer DFI in heifers as in steers. Heifer SEMA was genetically correlated with steer feedlot RFI in BRAH (0.75 ± 0.27 at ENDWET, 0.66 ± 0.24 at ENDDRY). Selection to reduce steer RFI would reduce SEMA in BRAH heifers but otherwise have only small effects on heifers before their first joining.

scholarly journals Erratum to: Genetics of heifer performance in 'wet' and 'dry' seasons and their relationships with steer performance in two tropical beef genotypes

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 727 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Barwick ◽  
D. J. Johnston ◽  
H. M. Burrow ◽  
R. G. Holroyd ◽  
G. Fordyce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

The genetics of heifer performance in tropical 'wet' and 'dry' seasons, and relationships with steer performance, were studied in Brahman (BRAH) and Tropical Composite (TCOMP) (50% Bos indicus, African Sanga or other tropically adapted Bos taurus; 50% non-tropically adapted Bos taurus) cattle of northern Australia. Data were from 2159 heifers (1027 BRAH, 1132 TCOMP), representing 54 BRAH and 51 TCOMP sires. Heifers were assessed after post-weaning 'wet' (ENDWET) and 'dry' (ENDDRY) seasons. Steers were assessed post-weaning, at feedlot entry, over a 70-day feed test, and after ~120-day finishing. Measures studied in both heifers and steers were liveweight (LWT), scanned rump fat, rib fat and M. longissimus area (SEMA), body condition score (CS), hip height (HH), serum insulin-like growth factor-I concentration (IGF-I), and average daily gains (ADG). Additional steer measures were scanned intra-muscular fat %, flight time, and daily (DFI) and residual feed intake (RFI). Uni- and bivariate analyses were conducted for combined genotypes and for individual genotypes. Genotype means were predicted for a subset of data involving 34 BRAH and 26 TCOMP sires. A meta-analysis of genetic correlation estimates examined how these were related to the difference between measurement environments for specific traits. There were genotype differences at the level of means, variances and genetic correlations. BRAH heifers were significantly (P < 0.05) faster-growing in the 'wet' season, slower-growing in the 'dry' season, lighter at ENDDRY, and taller and fatter with greater CS and IGF-I at both ENDWET and ENDDRY. Heritabilities were generally in the 20 to 60% range for both genotypes. Phenotypic and genetic variances, and genetic correlations, were commonly lower for BRAH. Differences were often explained by the long period of tropical adaptation of B. indicus. Genetic correlations were high between corresponding measures at ENDWET and ENDDRY, positive between fat and muscle measures in TCOMP but negative in BRAH (mean of 13 estimates 0.50 and ᾰ0.19, respectively), and approximately zero between steer feedlot ADG and heifer ADG in BRAH. Numerous genetic correlations between heifers and steers differed substantially from unity, especially in BRAH, suggesting there may be scope to select differently in the sexes where that would aid the differing roles of heifers and steers in production. Genetic correlations declined as measurement environments became more different, the rates of decline (environment sensitivity) sometimes differing with genotype. Similar measures (LWT, HH and ADG; IGF-I at ENDWET in TCOMP) were genetically correlated with steer DFI in heifers as in steers. Heifer SEMA was genetically correlated with steer feedlot RFI in BRAH (0.75 ± 0.27 at ENDWET, 0.66 ± 0.24 at ENDDRY). Selection to reduce steer RFI would reduce SEMA in BRAH heifers but otherwise have only small effects on heifers before their first joining.

The effects of genotype, age, pregnancy, lactation and rumen characteristics on voluntary intake of roughage diets by cattle

1986 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
RA Hunter ◽  
BD Siebert
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Heteropogon Contortus ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Brahman Steers

The effects of genotype, age and liveweight, pregnancy and lactation on the voluntary feed intake by cattle of roughage diets of different qualities were studied in a number of experiments. The diets ranged from poor quality (low-nitrogen, high-fibre) spear grass (Heteropogon contortus) hay on which intakes were low ( 1 1 g DM/kg liveweight (LW)) to good quality lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay (26 g DM/kg LW). On the poorest-quality diet, differences in intake between Bos taurus and Bos indicus were not significant. However, on the higher quality diets Herefords (Bos taurus) ate significantly (P < 0.05) more than Brahmans (Bos indicus). In addition, as the quality of the diet improved from speargrass through to lucerne, the breed difference in favour of the Herefords became progressively greater and the variability between animals progressively smaller as a proportion of intake. Another study showed that with increasing age and liveweight of steers, intake per unit body weight declined, the rate of decline being significantly (P < 0.05) greater on good-quality lucerne compared to a poor-quality speargrass diet. There was no significant difference between Aberdeen Angus (Bos taurus) and Brahman steers in the rate of decline of intake of each diet with increasing age and liveweight of the steers. Another experiment which measured intake of pregnant and lactating heifers showed that the amount of feed eaten by pregnant heifers increased with increasing liveweight in late pregnancy, with intake per unit liveweight remaining constant. Lactating cows ate 35% more on a liveweight basis than their nonpregnant, non-lactating counterparts. These results are discussed in relation to mechanisms which control intake of roughage diets in ruminants, especially those associated with energy metabolism.

scholarly journals Follicular dynamic and repeatability of follicular wave development in Peranakan Ongole (PO) cattle

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Imron ◽  
Iman Supriatna ◽  
. Amrozi ◽  
Mohamad Agus Setiadi
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Wave Pattern ◽  
Follicular Wave ◽  
Follicle Diameter ◽  
Wave Patterns ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Follicular Dynamics

<p class="abstrak2">Superovulation treatment on PO cattle (Bos indicus) was less responsive compared to Bos taurus breed. It might due to the difference of their follicular dynamic. This study was conducted to investigate the follicular dynamics and its repeatability in PO cattle. Follicular dynamics observations conducted on 9 cows trough ultrasound scanning every day. Observations of wave patterns repeatability were performed in 6 cows which its wave pattern already known on the next consecutive IOI.  Research result indicated that PO cattle had 3 (66%) and 4-waves (34%) pattern. The first wave of 3 and 4-waves pattern emerged on day -0.4+0.9 and 1.4+1.1 respectively.  The second wave of 3 and 4-wave pattern emerged on day 9.8+1.5 and 7.4+1.9 respectively.  The pattern of 3 waves has a longer follicle dominant duration (11.6+1.5 day) in the first wave of estrous cycle, compared with 4 waves pattern (10+2.92 and 7+1.00 day respectively). The growth rate of dominant follicle was not different significantly between the 3 and 4-waves pattern (0.87+0.23 and 0.94+0.25 mm/day respectively). Similarly, ovulatory follicle diameter between 3 and 4-waves pattern was also not different significantly (12.24+12.34 and 12.30+12.23 mm respectively). Observation of wave patterns repeatability in 6 PO cows indicated that PO cattle had high repeatability in follicular wave pattern (0.88) and the number of growing follicle was 0.91.  This study resulted data for dynamic of follicular development, wave pattern, its repeatability which be expected to design the protocol of superovulation treatment or other reproduction technologies based on follicular dynamic to improve its result in PO cattle.</p><p> </p>

A comparison of once- and twice-yearly weaning of an extensive herd in northern Australia

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Sullivan ◽  
P. K. O'Rourke ◽  
J. A. Neale
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Breeding Herd ◽  
Beef Herds ◽  
Native Pastures

Summary. Continuous mating is common in northern Australian beef herds. The resulting calves are born throughout the year making weaning and herd management difficult. Calves born late in the wet season do not reach suitable liveweight for weaning until late in the year. Low liveweight and poor feed conditions make management of these animals for subsequent turnoff or breeding more difficult. We recorded the growth and survival of all progeny and reproductive performance of heifers from 2 groups of 250 Bos indicus-Bos taurus-cross cows grazing native pastures at Kidman Springs, Northern Territory, for 5 years from July 1985. Calves were weaned in June only (W1) or June and October (W2). Unweaned calves remained with their dams until June the following year and heifers entered the breeding herd as 2 year olds. Calves weaned in June (WJ) were heaviest (157.1 kg; P<0.05) but gained least (84.6 kg; P<0.05) over the following year. Unweaned (UW) calves were lighter (51.1 kg; P<0.05) at branding time, in June, than those weaned in October (WO; 66.8 kg). However, they gained more weight (144.5 v. 112.4 kg; P<0.05) over the following year than WO calves because of a superior wet season growth rate, so that WO calves were lightest (P<0.05) at the yearling muster. Mortality rates of all calf groups were low (2.5%). Liveweight at branding and liveweight gain to yearling stage affected whether heifers subsequently joined the breeding herd. More (P<0.05) heifers from WJ joined the herd than from WO and UW groups. Overall, 63.6% of heifers were selected as replacement breeders (no difference between W1 and W2). Bull control was difficult and many heifers (48%) conceived before the planned start of mating. Cumulative conception rate was 91.3% by 30 months post-branding. In the first year, 60% of heifers mated were confirmed pregnant, but reproductive losses of 25.6% from pregnancy diagnosis to branding contributed to a branding rate of 44.9%. The conception rate of heifers when lactating was 18.6%. Mortality during the first year in the herd was 11.7%. In general, WJ heifers had lower mortalities, higher conception, calving and weaning rates, and higher conception rates when lactating than WO or UW heifers. Animals weaned in October were identified as the most difficult group to manage because of lower liveweight as 2 year olds compared with WJ and UW calves. This affected the numbers of heifers suitable for joining. Cost-effective management systems are needed to improve growth rates or delay onset of oestrus in these animals.

Comparative mortality rates of Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle in central Queensland

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (61) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
JE Frisch
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Annual Mortality ◽  
Zebu Breed ◽  
Zebu Cows

A study was made over several years of lifetime mortality rates of both purebred Bos taurus and Bos indicus breeds and of several generations of crosses between the breeds. Of 4,678 calves born during the period, 4.7 per cent died at or within one week of birth. A further 2.3 per cent of those remaining died before weaning and a further 1.1 per cent died from weaning to 15 months. Sixteen of 22 calves born as twins were perinatal mortalities. Perinatal losses were highest in purebred Zebus (Africander and Brahman) and in first generation Brahman crossbred (BX) calves. Africander crossbreds (AX) generally had the lowest mortality rates of all crossbreds at each stage of the life cycle. Perinatal mortalities were however high in both F1 AX and F1 BX calves born to primiparous purebred British (Hereford and Shorthorn) heifers. Over all crossbred generations, perinatal mortalities were highest in calves from 3-year-old heifers and decreased with age of dam. More males (4.7 per cent) than females (2.9 per cent) died at or near birth. Mortalities in F1 BX males (10.3 per cent) were the highest of all groups. Relatively high or low birth weight was associated with high perinatal mortalities in the crossbreeds. Losses of stock after weaning were generally higher in the British breed-types than in the Zebu breed-types with the greatest differences in adult mortality rates. Annual mortality rates of breeding cows of each breed were studied over a similar period. 9,537 cow years were involved in the study. Mortality rates of both purebred and crossbred British cows were higher than for purebred and crossbred Zebu cows. One contributing cause was the difference in numbers of cows of each breed that died while calving. In all, 1.4 per cent of British crossbred calvings resulted in the death of the cow compared with 0.6 and 0.3 per cent for comparable AX and BX cows. Losses were negligible in purebred Zebus. Mortality rates in adults generally increased slowly with age and were highest in 8 - 10-year-old cows.

PSXII-19 Organ and cellular contributions to heat production in Brahman and Angus steers

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 422-423
Author(s):  
Briana Hawryluk ◽  
Morgan McKinney ◽  
Chloe Gingerich ◽  
Lindsey Bell ◽  
Patricia Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Organ Size ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Brahman Steers ◽  
And Shifts

Abstract Reductions in basal metabolism and growth rate appear to contribute to decreased heat production of Bos indicus breeds. Lower metabolic rate may be due to smaller organ size and lower metabolic activity. Liver and heart account for high percentage of metabolic activity relative to their weight, and at a cellular level, mitochondria are responsible for producing energy for cellular maintenance. Our objective was to determine liver and heart weight and evaluate expression of key mitochondrial proteins in Bos indicus (80–100% Brahman) and Bos taurus (80–100% Angus) steers. Steers (n = 14 per breed) were harvested at the university meat laboratory. After evisceration, livers and hearts were weighed, and samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen for further analyses. Western blotting was used to determine expression of proteins in mitochondrial energy production: citrate synthase, a marker of mitochondria content; succinate dehydrogenase B (SDH-B), complex II; cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV, complex IV; and ATP synthase subunit 5A (ATP5A), complex V. Data were analyzed using an unpaired t-test in SAS-JMP. Although steers were similar age at slaughter (P = 0.84), Brahman steers weighed less (P &lt; 0.0001) and thus produced lighter carcasses (P &lt; 0.0001) and smaller livers and hearts (P &lt; 0.0001). On a relative basis (kg organ/kg BW), Brahman tended to possess smaller hearts (P = 0.06) and smaller livers (P = 0.03). Expression of mitochondria proteins in heart did not differ between breeds (P &gt; 0.3). However, Brahman exhibited lower expression of SDH-B (P = 0.005) but tended to have higher expression of ATP5A (P = 0.07) in liver. Altogether, this supports that smaller organ size is a contributing factor to lower heat production in heat-tolerant Brahman steers, and shifts in mitochondria protein expression in liver may impact energy metabolism at the cellular level.

Comparison of Bos Taurus-Bos Indicus Breed Crosses with Straightbred Bos Indicus Breeds of Cattle for Maternal and Individual Traits

1985 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1181-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C.M. Trail ◽  
K. E. Gregory ◽  
H.J.S. Marples ◽  
J. Kakonge
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Breed Crosses

scholarly journals Evaluation of carcass characteristics and meat chemical composition of Bos indicus and Bos indicus x Bos taurus crossbred steers finished in pasture systems

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Barros Moreira ◽  
Nilson Evelázio de Souza ◽  
Makoto Matsushita ◽  
Ivanor Nunes do Prado ◽  
Willian Gonçalves do Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Carcass Yield ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Average Body

The objective of this study was to evaluate the carcass characteristics (carcass weight, carcass yield, fat thickness, loin area, marbling and colour) and chemical composition of the Longissimus dorsi muscle (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat and cholesterol) of cuts with or without fat thickness, of Bos indicus and Bos indicus x Bos taurus crossbred steers finished in millet (Pennisetum americanum L.) or star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus Pilger) pasture systems, with mineral or mineral protein supplementation. Animals were slaughtered with an average body weight of 450 kg (Bos indicus) or 470 kg (Bos indicus x Bos taurus crossbreed). There was no treatments effect on carcass characteristics and meat chemical composition of cut without fat thickness. The cuts with fat thickness of steers fed millet presented the highest fat deposition. Bos indicus steers presented higher carcass yield (57.23%) and fat thickness (4.88 mm) compared with crossbreed (53.40% and 3.05 mm). There was no breed effect on chemical composition of meat. The mean levels of cholesterol concentration were 31.41 mg/100 and 37.55 mg/100g of meat with and without fat thickness.

Body water content and water turnover of tropical Bos taurus, Bos indicus, Bibos banteng, and Bos bubalus bubalis

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 613 ◽  
Author(s):  
BD Siebert ◽  
WV Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Wet Tropics ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The turnover of water, measured in five types of cattle, was least in the banteng during winter. The greatest rates of water turnover (848 ml/l0.82/24 hr) were among Shorthorn cows during the desert summer when feed was plentiful. In the wet tropics, however, buffalo used more water than B. taurus Shorthorns, while the B. indicus types turned over significantly less water on the same pasture. There was an increase in body water content, and a reduction in body solids, in summer relative to winter in all cattle, while the water turnover rose with increasing temperature, humidity, and food supply. After drought, Shorthorn cattle gained 40% in body weight, while increasing body water by only 4.5% as they became fat. Shorthorn steers on improved Townsville lucerne pastures during the wet season contained 48% more solids but weighed only 11% more than cattle on native vegetation, turning over greater amounts of water.

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