Effect of Protection of Soybean Meal Using Mahogany Leaf Extract in Ruminant Diet on Rumen Fermentation Products

<p class="abstrak3"><span lang="IN">The study </span><span>was </span><span lang="IN">aimed to examine effect of protecting soybean meal using mahogany leaf extract on rumen fermentation products in vitro. The material used was cow rumen fluid, basal ration consisting of concentrate and elephant grass with a ratio of 60:40%, and mahogany leaves. The research was carried out in three stages: mahogany extraction, protein protection using mahogany extract, and in vitro stages. The test was conducted in vitro </span><span>based on</span><span lang="IN"> a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatments consisted of 4 kinds of soybean meal protection with 0% tannin concentration (</span><span>T</span><span lang="IN">0); 1.5% (</span><span>T</span><span lang="IN">1); 3% (</span><span>T</span><span lang="IN">2); and 4.5% (</span><span>T</span><span lang="IN">3). </span><span>D</span><span lang="IN">ata obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance and tested using orthogonal polynomials. </span><span>R</span><span lang="IN">esults showed that addition of protected soybean meal with mahogany leaf extract had a cubic</span><span>al</span><span lang="IN"> effect on partial VFA, methane gas and post-rumen dissolved protein, a quadratic effect on protozoa, and a linear effect</span><span>on </span><span lang="IN">N-NH₃, SPM, and RUDP. Giving extra mahogany leaves at a level of 1.5% produced a fermented product that was not different from the control while giving a level of 3% got the highest fermentation product. Giving mahogany leaf extract at a level of 4.5% resulted in the highest SPM, and RUDP but there was a decrease in soluble protein, which indicated the occurrence of overprotection. The addition of 3% mahogany leaf extract effectively increased rumen fermentation products, RUDP, and soluble protein without disturbing the activity of rumen bacteria.</span></p>

Interaction Effect of Vitamin E-selenium Supplementation and Metabolic Energy on Reproductive Performance of Joper Breeders

The side effect of fatty acid oxidation during lippoprotein synthesis is the release of oxygen in the tissue called reactive oxygen species (ROS). Metabolic stress in Joper brooders due to an imbalance between ROS and antioxidants causes a decrease in hatching egg production and quality. Therefore, research is needed to improve the reproductive performance of Joper broodstock by combining vitamin E-selenium supplementation and metabolic energy. This study used 200 hatched eggs resulting from a cross between 60 weeks old Sentul males and 35 weeks old ISA BROWN laying hens that had been treated. This study used a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) (2 x 4). The first factor is the energy level (2700 and 2800 kcal/kg) and the second factor is the dose of vitamin E-selenium supplementation (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm). Selenium dosage is 1ppm/mg vitamin E. The interaction between vitamin E-selenium supplementation and energy had a very significant effect (P&lt;0.01) in increasing DOC weight. The single factor energy level and vitamin E-selenium supplementation significantly (p&lt;0.05) in reducing embryo mortality and increasing hatchability, while fertility and eggshell quality were not affected by the two treatment factors. The conclusion of this study is the interaction between vitamin E-selenium supplementation and energy levels can increase the weight of Joper's DOC, while the single factor of vitamin E-selenium supplementation and energy levels can reduce embryo mortality and increase hatchability. The best interaction with 100 ppm vitamin E-selenium supplementation and energy 2800 kcal/kg.

Characteristics of Libido and Testosterone Concentration of Polled and Horned Bali Bulls after GnRH Injection

Bali cattle are one of the original Indonesian germplasm, which in its development were found to be hornless or polled. Polled are Balinese cattle whose horns do not grow naturally, but have the same characteristics as those with horns. However, there are indications that polled have a lower libido. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of libido and testosterone concentration after gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) injection. In this study each of 7 male polled and horned Bali cattle aged 3.5-6 years were used. Libido characteristics were observed by recording the first time the male fondled the teaser until ejaculation, while the testosterone concentration was measured using blood plasma taken on day 0 or before injection, day 7^th, and day 14^th after GnRH injection. Testosterone analysis used enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The results showed that the libido of polled was not different (P&gt;0.05) compared to that of the horned on the 0, 7^th and 14^th days after GnRH injection. However, in polled on the 7^th day after GnRH injection, it was significantly lower than on day 0 and 14, but on day 0 it was not different with day 14. Testosterone concentration on day 7 after injection of GnRH was not different (P&gt;0.05) compared to day 0 both in polled and horned bulls, but on day 14 after injection was significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in horned than polled. In conclusion, polled and horned Bali bulls had high libido with a score of +1, but on the 7^th day after GnRH injection, polled had lower libido than horns. The testosterone concentrations of polled and horned on day 7 after GnRH injection were not different compared to day 0, while the 14^th day was higher in horned bull.

Studying the Liver Function in Male Neonates of Rats Born to Sertraline-Treated Mothers

<p>Sertraline is an antidepressant which has toxic effects on the liver. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Sertraline administration in pregnancy on liver function of male neonates of rats. Twenty-five pregnant female Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 5.<strong> </strong>The control group did not receive any drug treatments, but experimental (Exp) groups 1, 2 and 3 received 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg Sertraline as gavage throughout the pregnancy, respectively. Twenty-two days after birth, male rats were divided into 4 groups of 10 based on the previous division and after weighing, by taking blood directly from the heart, serum levels of Alanine transaminase (Alt), Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (Alp), Albumin (Alb), Total protein (TP), and Bilirubin (Bili) were measured and the liver tissue was also analyzed histopathologically after weighing. In Exp groups, a significant decrease in body weight, TP and Alb serum levels were observed compared to the control group (p&lt;0.05). In Exp group 3, a significant decrease in liver weight was observed compared to the control group (p˂0.05). In Exp groups 2 and 3, a significant increase in serum levels of Alp, Alt and Bili in was observed compared to the control group (p˂0.05). A significant increase in AST serum level was observed in Exp groups compared to the control group (p˂0.05). Liver tissue destruction was observed in all 3 Exp groups. The administration of Sertraline in pregnant female rats causes liver damage and increases liver enzymes and blood biochemical parameters in their male offspring.</p>

Amantadine resistance of clade 2.3.2 H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus from Waterfowl in Indonesia

The objective of this research was to know the sensitivity of H5N1 clade 2.3.2 AIV from Indonesia to antiviral drug (amantadine) through molecular and in vitro tests. The study was conducted by virus isolation and identification, nucleotide analysis, and susceptibility to the amantadine hydrocloride in MDCK cells. The study result represented that the mean EID₅₀isolates of H5N1 clade 2.3.2 AIV was determined of &gt;10⁸EID₅₀/ml. The analysis of phylogenetic tree of M2 gene from six viruses of H5N1 clade 2.3.2 AIV from Indonesia were closed with H5N1 clade 2.3.2 AIV avian influenza viruses from Vietnam, China, Hongkong. The substitution of M2 protein (V27I) was identified in six isolates H5N1 clade 2.3.2 AIV isolated from Indonesia. Avian influenza of clade 2.3.2 H5N1 subtype from Indonesia produced the formation of CPE and the positive HA reaction with non-toxic concentration of amantadine hydrochloride in MDCK cells. The result of genetic analysis of M2 gene for amantadine resistance was related with the results of HA test and the formation of CPE in MDCK cells. These results established that amantadine resistance have been identified in H5N1 clade 2.3.2 AIV viruses isolated from Indonesia

Fluctuating Asymmetry Increases with Heat Stress Disruptions on Bali Cattle (Bos javanicus) at Different Altitude

<p>Bali cattle (<em>Bos javanicus</em>) are common species distributed throughout Indonesia to survive in tropical hot, and humid climates. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is a random deviation from perfect bilateral symmetry. FA is often used to measure developmental stability in individuals and can be used as a marker for the impact of environmental and genetic stress. This study aims to investigate the pattern of developmental instability in Bali cattle as caused by environmental stress at various altitudes using the FA index. FA indexes in this study were used to compare asymmetrical physical traits of Bali cattle in Sembalun high altitude and Serading low altitude. Sixty-five Bali cattle were used in this study reared at different altitudes, namely Serading, Sumbawa Island (50 m above sea level), and Sembalun, Lombok Island (1,186 m above sea level). The physical traits of Bali cattle measured were horn circumference (horn), a distance of hip to spine bone (pelvic), metatarsal circumference (metatarsal), and metacarpal circumference (metacarpal). The FA1 and FA5 indexes showed significant metacarpal differences between Bali cattle reared at Sembalun and Serading population (P&lt;0.05). FA11 multiple trait index as a composite of all traits revealed a significant difference as well. (P&lt;001). It can be concluded that various heat stress by altitude impacts the asymmetry of Bali cattle.</p>

Metabolism Energy and Performance of Several Local Cattle Breeds Fed Rice Straw and Concentrate

This study was conducted to examine the effect of different local cattle breeds on energy metabolism and performance fed on rice straw basal diet. Fourty local male cattle (2.5 years; initial BW 300.30±0.68) of Madura cattle (M), Sumba Ongole cattle (SO), Bali cattle (B), and Bali Timor cattle (BT) were used in this study, where types of local breed were used as treatments (10 animals/treatment). The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with cattle's initial body weight as a group. The cattle were fed on rice straw ad libitum and concentrate 2.5% BW (DM 86.53%). The variables measured were energy intake (EI), digestible energy intake (DEI), metaboloizable energy intake (MEI), energy retention (RE), RE to EI ratio, RE to DEI ratio, C2/C3 ratio, the efficiency of hexose conversion to VFA (ECH) and the average daily body weight gain (ADG). The results showed that the different breeds of local cattle had a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on EI, DEI, MEI, RE, RE to EI ratio, RE to DEI ratio, C2/C3 ratio, and ECH, but had no significant effect on ADG (P&gt;0.05). M has the highest EI, DEI, MEI, and RE 139.52 MJ/day, 99.69 MJ/day, 65.84 MJ/day, and 98.45 MJ/day, respectively, but the highest RE to EI ratio at B, while for the best RE to DE ratio, C2/C3 ratio, ECH, and ADG, at SO were 99.24%, 28.85, 74.97%, and 1.24 kg, respectively. It can be concluded that the best local cattle in terms of performance and feed energy efficiency are Sumba Ongole cattle.

Avian Beta Defensin 2 (AvBD2) Gene Polymorphism Identification in IPB-D1 Chicken

<p class="abstrak3">Avian Beta Defensin 2 (AvBD2) gene, which is located in chromosome 3, plays an important role in the immune system of the chicken by inhibiting the development of microorganisms such as bacteria that infect body tissues. Defensins are produced through epithelial cells immediately after tissue injury or infection, which then processes the maturation of dendritic cells to initiate an immune response in the lymph nodes. The purpose of this study was to discover the polymorphism of the AvBD2 gene in IPB-D1 chickens. PCR and direct-DNA sequencing methods were used to identify the diversity of intron 1, exon 2, and intron 2 AvDB2 genes in 47 chickens. Genotype and allele frequency, and heterozygosity calculations were carried out to obtain information of the AvBD2 gene polymorphism. A total of 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms were found in the AvBD2 gene located in intron 1 (g.4843T&gt;A, g.4853G&gt;A, and g.4859T&gt;C), exon 2 (g.4881A&gt;G, g.4889G&gt;A, and g.5002C&gt;T), and intron 2 (g.5075C&gt;T, g.5111T&gt;G, g.5116G&gt;T, and g.5177G&gt;T). All SNPs are polymorphic. The g.5002C&gt;T mutation causes changes in the amino acid Ala to Val which has the potential to be a candidate for characterizing disease resistance in IPB-D1 chickens.</p>

Association of SNP g.232 G>T Calpain Gene with Growth and Live Meat Quality Prediction using Ultrasound Images in Bali Cattle

Bali cattle (<em>Bos javanicus</em>) are native Indonesian cattle, domesticated from banteng (<em>Bibos banteng</em>). Genes that have an important role in meat quality are calcium-activated neutral protease genes, known as calpains (CAPN). The objective of this study was to evaluate the polymophisms of calpain gene SNP g.232 G&gt;T by PCR-RFLP technique and its influence on growth trait and meat quality of Bali cattle detected by ultrasound imaging of <em>longissimus dorsi</em> thickness (LDT), back fat thickness (BFT), marbling score (MS), and intramuscular fat percentage (PIMF). The polymorphisms of CAPN1 gene were analyzed by PCR-RFLP using BglII restriction enzyme (n=52 cattle). The ultrasound images of longissimus dorsi muscle were carried out transversally and longitudinal between 12^th -13^ththoracic vertebrae then analyzed by Image-J NIH software. Result showed that SNP g.232 G&gt;T of CAPN1 gene was polymorphic in Bali cattle. SNP g.232 G&gt;T of CAPN1 gene in Bali cattle has higher diversity which was showed of 0.48 heterozygosity value and was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The polymorphisms of SNP g.232 G&gt;T was associated significantly (P&lt;0.05) with bodyweight at 730 days, marbling score (MS), and intramuscular fat percentage (PIMF). It suggests that the CAPN1 gene in Bali cattle is a candidate for Marker Assisted Selection (MAS), which influences body weight at 730 days, marbling score, and percentage of intramuscular fat.

Effect of Chicken Bone Extract Powder on Epididymal Sperm Quality of Male Wistar Rats

Calcium is one of the minerals that are essential for male reproductive function. Calcium deficiency adversely affects spermatogenesis, normal sperm function and results in infertility. The sperm quality of rats fed a standard diet containing chicken bone extract powder (BEP) was assessed in the present study. Twenty male 8-week-old rats, Wistar strain, were randomized by weight into two groups of ten rats each and fed ad libitum a standard diet containing calcium carbonate (CaCO₃, control) or chicken BEP; both were equivalent to 0.5% calcium. At the end of the 7-week consumption, the net body weight gains measured in control (101.33±21.81 g) and chicken BEP groups (100.74±26.80 g) were not significantly different (P&gt;0.05). The in vitro sperm quality in terms of concentration, motility, viability, resistance to hypotonic stress, acrosomal reaction ability and morphology was comparable between control and chicken BEP (all were P&gt;0.05). The results suggest that chicken BEP addition into feeds is an alternative calcium source that is as effective but less expensive as CaCO_3, a commercial calcium (fortificant). At least, it has no detrimental effect on male reproductive function.