Effect of an acidifying nitrogen fertiliser and lime on soil pH and wheat yields. 1. Soil effects

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 237 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Mason ◽  
WM Porter ◽  
WJ Cox
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Acid Accumulation ◽  
Soil Effects ◽  
P Application ◽  
Over Time

Three long-term trials were commenced in 1980 at Merredin, Wongan Hills, and Newdegate to investigate the effect of an acidifying fertiliser containing 17.5% nitrogen (N) and 7.6% phosphorus (P) (based on ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate) on soil pH, soil acidity related problems, and wheat grain yields under continuous cropping. Treatments were 3 rates (kg/ha) of N + P applied with the cereal seed (nil; 17.5 N + 7.6 P; 35 N + 15.2 P), with or without 3 t/ha of ground limestone (with or without MgSO4, KCl, Moo3) applied in 1980. Two extra treatments were 2 rates of limestone (70, 140 kg/ha) topdressed with the cereal crop each year along with the low and high N + P fertiliser treatments, respectively. This paper reports soil properties for the first 10 years of the trials. In the acidic Merredin soil (pH 4.3), there was minimal effect of N + P fertiliser on soil pH. The pH was slightly reduced at 0-10 cm depth. At Wongan Hills, soil pH at 0-10 cm depth was reduced over time by N + P application from 4.8 to 4.2. At Newdegate, only the high rate of N + P reduced pH over time, from 4.6 to 4.3 at 0-10 cm. Limestone at 3 t/ha in 1980 increased soil pH at 0-10 cm depth at all 3 sites; however, in all cases pH fell with time. Limestone applied at 70 or 140 kgha with each N + P application increased pH at 0-10 cm depth by 0.1-0.4, 0.1-0.4, and 0.3-0.9 pH units at Merredin, Wongan Hills, and Newdegate. Soil aluminium (Al) concentrations (extracted in 0.01 mol CaCl2/L) were generally low at Wongan Hills and Newdegate in the absence of N + P fertiliser. These levels rose after N + P application to 4 and 2 �g/g at 0-10 cm depth at Wongan Hills and Newdegate. Soil A1 concentrations at Merredin were high, particularly in the subsoil: 3-5, 9-13, and 23-29 �g/g in the 0-10, 10-20, and 20-40 cm depths. With the high rate of N + P, A1 concentration rose to 10 �g/g at 0-10 cm. Application of 3 t/ha of limestone reduced this to <1-2 �g/g. Application of 140 kg/ha of limestone with the high N + P fertiliser rate lowered soil A1 concentration at 0-10 cm. Extra acid that accumulated in treated plots compared with control plots varied from -34.7 kmol/ha (acid-neutralised) for the treatment at Merredin receiving only 3 t lime/ha in 1980 to 23.8 kmol/ha for the treatment at Wongan Hills receiving high N + P. With the treatments receiving lime only, the amounts of acid neutralised were only 82, 66, and 58% of those predicted at Merredin, Wongan Hills, and Newdegate, respectively. Acid accumulation in the 3 treatments receiving high N + P was within the predicted range at Wongan Hills, as it was for the treatment receiving high N + P plus 3 t lime/ha in 1980 at both Merredin and Newdegate. However, for the treatments receiving only high N + P or high N + P plus 140 kg lime/ha. year at these 2 sites, the acid accumulation rates were less than predicted. Levels of exchangeable cations in the soil were highest at Wongan Hills and lowest at Newdegate. Application of N + P decreased Ca concentration at all sites and reduced the concentration of exchangeable Mg at Wongan Hills. Lime applied at 3 t/ha increased the concentrations of exchangeable Ca and Mg at all sites. There were no effects of treatments on concentrations of exchangeable K or sodium.

Long-Term Outcomes of Patients with Acromegaly - A Report from the Swedish Pituitary Register

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steinunn Arnardóttir ◽  
Jacob Järås ◽  
Pia Burman ◽  
Katarina Berinder ◽  
Per Dahlqvist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Rate ◽  
Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Visual Field Defects ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Biochemical Control ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Over Time

Objective: To describe treatment and long-term outcomes of patients with acromegaly from all health-care regions in Sweden. Design and Methods: Analysis of prospectively reported data from the Swedish Pituitary Register of 698 patients (51% females) with acromegaly diagnosed from 1991-2011. The latest clinical follow-up date was December, 2012, while mortality data were collected for 28.5 years until June, 2019. Results: The annual incidence was 3.7/million; 71% of patients had a macroadenoma, 18% had visual field defects, and 25% had at least one pituitary hormone deficiency. Eighty-two percent had pituitary surgery, 10% radiotherapy and 39% medical treatment. At the 5- and 10-year follow-ups, IGF-I levels were within the reference range in 69% and 78% of patients, respectively. In linear regression the proportion of patients with biochemical control including adjuvant therapy at 10 year follow-up increased over time with 1.23 % per year. The SMR (95% CI) for all patients was 1.29 (1.11-1.49). For patients with biochemical control at the latest follow-up, SMR was not increased, neither among patients diagnosed 1991-2000, SMR 1.06 (0.85-1.33) or 2001-2011, SMR 0.87 (0.61-1.24). In contrast, non- controlled patients at the latest follow up from both decades had elevated SMR, 1.90 (1.33-2.72) and 1.98 (1.24-3.14), respectively. Conclusions: The proportion of patients with biochemical control increased over time. Patients with biochemically controlled acromegaly have normal life expectancy while non-controlled patients still have increased mortality. The high rate of macroadenomas and unchanged age at diagnosis illustrates the need for improvements in the management of patients with acromegaly.

scholarly journals Do Long-Term Continuous Cropping and Pesticides Affect Earthworm Communities?

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Treder ◽  
Magdalena Jastrzębska ◽  
Marta Katarzyna Kostrzewska ◽  
Przemysław Makowski
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Harvest Residues ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Density And Biomass

Earthworm species composition, the density of individuals, and their biomass were investigated in spring barley and faba bean fields in a long-term (52-year) experiment conducted at the Production and Experimental Station in Bałcyny, in north-eastern Poland (53°40′ N; 19°50′ E). Additionally, post-harvest residues biomass, soil organic matter (SOM), and soil pH were recorded. The above traits were investigated using two experimental factors: I. cropping system—continuous cropping (CC) vs. crop rotation (CR) and II. pesticide plant protection: herbicide + fungicide (HF+) vs. no plant protection (HF−). A total of three species of Lumbricidae were found: Aporrectodea caliginosa (Sav.) in both crops, Aporrectodea rosea (Sav.) in spring barley, and Lumbricus terrestris (L.) in faba bean. The density and biomass of earthworms were unaffected by experimental treatments in spring barley fields, whereas in faba bean CC increased and HF+ decreased earthworm density and biomass in comparison with CR and HF− respectively. Total post-harvest residues in faba bean fields were higher under CC in relation to CR and under HF+ compared with HF− treatment in both crops. Compared to CR, CC increased soil pH in spring barley fields and decreased in faba bean fields. Experimental factors did not affect SOM. Earthworm density and biomass were positively correlated with SOM content.

EFFECT OF FERTILIZER ON SOIL pH AFTER 17 YEARS OF CONTINUOUS CROPPING IN SOUTHWESTERN SASKATCHEWAN

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
R. P. ZENTNER
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Phosphate Fertilizer ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Ph Changes ◽  
Nitrate Fertilizer ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The One

Measurements of soil pH were made in the 0- to 2.5-cm, 2.5- to 7.5-cm, and 7.5-to 15-cm depths of a loam soil in two long-term (17 yr) continuous wheat rotations. One rotation received only ammonium phosphate fertilizer, while the other rotation received ammonium phosphate fertilizer plus ammonium nitrate fertilizer at an average rate of N of 35 kg∙ha−1∙yr−1. Soil pH was not measured at the start of the experiment. Measurements made at eight times between April and October 1983 showed that average pH in the surface 15 cm was lower in the rotation receiving N and P, compared to the one receiving only P, by about 0.5 pH units (pH 5.9 vs. 5.4 in dilute CaCl2). The soil pH varied considerably during the growing season and seemed to be inversely related to soil NO3-N. These pH changes occurred in a well buffered soil with CEC of 23.5 meq∙100 g−1. Scientists recommending that producers on the Prairies move to a more extended crop rotation so as to reduce land degradation, should bear in mind that eventually there may be a need to lime the soils to maintain production since such a system will necessitate the increased use of N fertilizers. Key words: pH changes during growing season, pH versus depth, soil acidity

Management of a Continuously Cropped Forest Soil Through Fertilizer Use

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Kwakye ◽  
E. A. Dennis ◽  
A. E. Asmah
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fertilizer Experiment ◽  
Cropping Seasons ◽  
High Level

SummaryPhosphorus, followed by potassium, were the plant nutrients that most limited yields during the third decade of a long-term fertilizer experiment on groundnut, maize and cassava conducted on an Ultisol in Ghana. Application of sulphate of ammonia significantly decreased soil pH, thus reducing crop yields. Superphosphate or mulch applied alone consistently increased the yields of all three crops. Application of potash increased the yield of cassava throughout the cropping period, but the potash × mulch interaction depressed yields in two of the three cropping seasons. Use of crop rotation, grass mulch and fertilizer, including small amounts of lime, enabled crop yields and soil fertility to be maintained at a fairly high level under continuous cropping.

scholarly journals Interaction of liming and long-term fertilization increased crop yield and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) through mediating exchangeable cations in acidic soil under wheat–maize cropping system

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Qaswar ◽  
Li Dongchu ◽  
Huang Jing ◽  
Han Tianfu ◽  
Waqas Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Acidic Soil ◽  
Phosphorus Use Efficiency ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Exchangeable Al ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Lime Application

AbstractLow phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) is one of the main problems of acidic soil that limit the crop growth. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the response of crop yield and PUE to the long-term application of fertilizers and quicklime (CaO) in the acidic soil under wheat–maize rotation system. Treatments included, CK (no fertilization), NP (inorganic nitrogen and P fertilization), NPK (inorganic N, P and potassium fertilization), NPKS (NPK + straw return), NPCa (NP + lime), NPKCa (NPK + lime) and NPKSCa (NPKS + lime). Results showed that, fertilizer without lime treatments, significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased soil pH and crop yield, compared to the fertilizer with lime treatments during the period of 2012–2018. Average among years, compared to the CK treatment, wheat grain yield increased by 138%, 213%, 198%, 547%, 688% and 626%, respectively and maize yield increased by 687%, 1887%, 1651%, 2605%, 5047% and 5077%, respectively, under the NP, NPK, NPKS, NPCa, NPKCa and NPKSCa treatments. Lime application significantly increased soil exchangeable base cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and decreased Al3+ cation. Compared to the NP treatment, phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) increased by 220%, 212%, 409%, 807% and 795%, respectively, under the NPK, NPKS, NPCa, NPKCa and NPKSCa treatments. Soil pH showed significant negative relationship with exchangeable Al3+ and soil total N. While, soil pH showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) positive relationship with exchangeable Ca2+, PUE and annual crop yield. PUE was highly negatively correlated with soil exchangeable Al3+. In addition, soil exchangeable Ca2+, pH, exchangeable Al3+ and available N were the most influencing factors of crop yield. Therefore, we concluded that lime application is an effective strategy to mitigate soil acidification and to increase PUE through increasing exchangeable base cations and reducing the acidic cations for high crop yield in acidic soil.

Short-Term Increases in Aphid Dispersal From Defensive Dropping Do Not Necessarily Affect Long-Term Biological Control by Parasitoids

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1552-1559
Author(s):  
Michelangelo La-Spina ◽  
Sarah E Jandricic ◽  
Rose Buitenhuis
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Large Cage ◽  
Greenhouse Crops ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Foxglove Aphid ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Foxglove aphid (Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)) is one of the principal aphid pests of greenhouse ornamental crops in North America. Biological control of foxglove aphid mostly relies on the use of Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). However, studies indicate that A. ervi may not be adapted to search for A. solani, and that in response to parasitoid attack aphids can drop and/or disperse, which may aggravate an infestation. Our goal was to further describe the searching behavior of A. ervi in the presence of foxglove aphids, the corresponding defensive behavior of foxglove aphid and the short- and medium-term effects on both pest dispersal and control by A. ervi. Behavioral observations were done on top and bottom leaves infested with foxglove aphid and a high release rate of A. ervi. Parasitoids tended to land on top leaves; however, more aphids were parasitized on bottom leaves, leading to equal numbers of parasitoid attacks in both locations. Most aphids dropped off the plant in the presence of a parasitoid. In large cage experiments, aphids were allowed to distribute naturally and A. ervi was released. The parasitoid still caused a high rate of aphid dropping. However, only a few aphids were able to successfully reach new plants, and most of these mummified over time. Our studies confirm that parasitoid-induced dispersal of foxglove aphid in greenhouse crops does occur, but also suggests this should not necessarily be a barrier to adoption of biological control, as A. ervi controls the aphids over time.

Effects of Continuous Fertilizer Use on a Ferruginous Soil (Haplustalf) In Nigeria

1979 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Singh ◽  
V. Balasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Fertilizer Use ◽  
Exchangeable Ca

SUMMARYIn a long-term fertility study it was observed that judicious use of chemical fertilizers maintained the levels of soil pH, total N, organic C, CEC and exchangeable Ca. Highest accumulation of exchangeable Ca and Mg was found in the 40–60 cm layer. Absence of Mg and K from the fertilizer schedule resulted in a decrease in the amounts of those elements in the soil. Profile CEC and exchangeable Ca were not affected much by the application of K or trace elements. Compared with adjacent grass fallow or virgin bush land, only the values of C/N ratio, CEC and exchangeable Mg decreased on cultivation. All the crops responded well to fertility levels but not to K; trace element response was confined to cotton and groundnut.

scholarly journals Long-term Response to Phosphorus Banding in Irrigated and Nonirrigated Pecan Production

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1237-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Polozola ◽  
Daniel E. Wells ◽  
J. Raymond Kessler ◽  
Wheeler G. Foshee ◽  
Amy N. Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Application Rate ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Soil Test P ◽  
P Application ◽  
P Movement ◽  
Over Time

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of banded phosphorus (P) applications at differing rates in irrigated and nonirrigated pecan (Carya illinoinensis) plots on P movement within the soil, P uptake and movement within pecan trees, and the yield and quality of nuts. On 20 Mar. 2015, P applications of 0 kg·ha−1 (0×), 19.6 kg·ha−1 (1×), 39.2 kg·ha−1 (2×), and 78.5 kg·ha−1 (4×) were administered to bands of triple superphosphate to randomly selected trees in nonirrigated and irrigated plots of a ‘Desirable’ orchard bordered by ‘Elliot’ trees. When P was applied at the 2× and 4× rates, the total soil test P decreased linearly by 35% and 54%, respectively, in nonirrigated plots and by 41% and 59%, respectively, in irrigated plots over the course of the experiment. There was no change in soil test P over time at the 0× rate for either irrigation regimen; however, at the 1× rate, soil test P decreased 44% in the irrigated plot but did not change in the nonirrigated plot. The largest linear decrease of the soil test P from the start of the experiment to the end of the experiment occurred in the top 0 to 7.6 cm. In contrast, soil test P at a depth of 15.2 to 22.9 cm decreased linearly by 23% in the nonirrigated plot, but it did not decrease over time in the irrigated plot. Increasing the P application rate increased foliar P quadratically in the nonirrigated plot, but only the 4× application rate increased foliar P compared with the 0× control. In the irrigated plot, foliar P concentrations decreased linearly from 2015 to 2017, and foliar P concentrations were not influenced by the P application rate. No differences in pecan yield or quality were observed in either irrigated or nonirrigated plots. Overall, P banding may not be the most sustainable way to increase foliar concentrations of P quickly or to maintain concentrations of the nutrient in the long term.

Enhancing community welfare through improved water quality: a case for applying staggered pollution charges in the river Musi sub-basin of Andhra Pradesh, India

Water Policy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-483
Author(s):  
Tishya Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Community Acceptance ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Over Time

In conditions of severe water-pollution and dormant community acceptance of accumulating environmental damage, the regulator's role goes beyond pollution prevention and more towards remediation and solutions based on the community's long-term expectations of economic benefits from clean water. This paper suggests a method to enable these benefits to become perceptible progressively, through participatory clean-up operations, supported by staggered pollution charges. It analyses the relevant literature on pollution prevention and applies a cost-based “willingness to pay” model, using primary basin-level data of total marginal costs. It develops a replicable demand-side approach imposing charge-standard targets over time in urban-industrial basins of developing countries.

The Short-Term and Long-Term Impacts of Sarbanes-Oxley Act on Composition and Characteristics of Corporate Board of Directors

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Halil Kaya ◽  
Gaurango Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Board Composition ◽  
Corporate Boards ◽  
Corporate Accountability ◽  
Corporate Board ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dual Roles ◽  
Board Characteristics ◽  
Sarbanes Oxley ◽  
Over Time

The paper examines the Sarbanes-Oxley (2002) Acts immediate impact on board composition and characteristics as well as possible reversals in its impact over time. Effects on directors age and tenure are analyzed over the 2001-06 sample period. Female participation in corporate boards is also studied in the pre-SOX and post-SOX periods. The dual roles of directors in being a member of the board as well as serving as either CEO, CFO, Chairman, Co-Chair, Founder, or Lead Director of their respective companies is also examined. We observe a short-term impact of SOX on board compositions due to changes seen in board characteristics between 2001 (pre-SOX), and 2003-05 short-term period (post-SOX). Also, we observe a reversal of board characteristics in 2006 to pre-SOX levels implying that the effects of SOX on board composition were short-lived, and needs to be monitored over time to ensure adherence to corporate accountability guidelines over the long-term.

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